Soils

Soils

1. 10 cm of soil are created in 2000 years

2. There are three sizes of weather and eroded rocks

   • sand
     • If the soil contains more sand it will be worst holding water, but easier for roots to grow
   • silt
     • But if the sol contains silt, it will have characteristics of the clay and the sand
       • All these soils settle on top of a bedrock and they form into layers called HORIZONS.
         • A) Uppermost (horizon),
           • B) Biomantle: where the real surface oil is
             • C) Subsurface: the farthest plant roots
               • D) Is where the bedrock is slowly degrading into soil.
                 • E) Where sand and silt are deposit, while clay continue further down
                   • creating a thin layer between the Uppermost and the Biomantle
   • clay
     • If the soil has more clay it will retain more water for the plant, but difficulty to grow.

3. Soils are created from descomposed rocks by the sun, the wind, the rain, the animals and the plants

   • Soil Orders
     • 2) Inceptisol: More horizon development
     • 5) Alfisol: Fair horizon development. Rich in Iron and Aluminum.
       • Location: Broadleaf and deciduous forets, also in some human mediterranean climates
     • 7) Aridisol: Desert soils, with low amounts of water.
     • 9) Oxisol: Low fertility. Very developed horizons. Located in the rain forests
     • 6) Ultisol: Iron makes them red.
       • Location: Subtropical and humid places, like American Southeast and Southeast Asia
     • 3) Gelisol: High latitudes, in the Arctic or even mountain ranges.
       • Permaflast, close to the surface, so the soil doesnt move
     • 8) Mollisol: Best for agriculture, the most fertile soil. Grasslands regions.
     • 4) Spodosol: Low fertility
       • Location: Equator, Corniferous and boreal forests.
     • 1) Entisol: No development of the soil horizons, a new soil.
       • Most common type of soil
     • For every order here is a sub-order, for example:
       • Order: Alfisols
         • Suborder: Xeralfs
           • Great Group: Burixeralfs
             • Subgroup: Abruptic durixeralfs
               • Family: Fine, mixed, active, thermic abruptic durixeralfs
                 • Series: San Joaquin
   • Soils that not fit into the latitude sheme
     • Andisol:
       • In the volcanic Andes mountains
       • Rich in nutrients
     • Histosol:
       • Wetlands soil
       • Highly acidic
       • Dangerous to build structures
       • Can be found in Canada and river Deltas
     • Vertisol:
       • High clay content
       • Dry out regularly

4. Clorpt

   • Factors that influence the soil formation
     • Climate
       • Organisms
         • Relief
           • parent material
             • time

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