Mindmap

Grammatical Metalanguage

mariel bustos Ingles Spanisch

Inhalt der Mindmap

It's the language to describe language.
- Subsentential Level
  - Identify word classes: structural or formal characteristics
    - Parts of Speech categories:
      - Mayor Parts of Speech
        The content or meaning of a sentence
        The content words are:
        Verbs
        Semantic criteria
        They denote action or state of being.
        Functional criteria
        They may be fowowed by:
        Adjectives
        Adverbs
        other Nouns
        Verbs follow nouns
        Diffetent types:
        Linking verb
        They follow the verb links to the subject
        Transitive verb
        Followed by Direct Objet
        Complex Transitive verb
        They follow the object relates to the objects
        Intransitive verb
        Don't fowow objects
        Ditransitive verb
        they take 2 objects: io & do
        Prepositional verb
        They require a prepositional phrase to complete meaning
        Structural criteria
        Number
        Aspect
        Types of Inflections tense
        In the Present form: 3rd person singular
        Add -s
        In the Past form
        Add -ed
        In the Past Participle
        Add -en
        In the Present Participle
        Add -ing
        Nouns
        Semantic criteria
        It's the name of a/an
        Person
        Thing
        Place
        Idea
        only Abstract nouns
        Types
        Common nouns
        types
        Countable
        Uncountable
        Collective nouns
        Proper nouns
        Functional criteria
        Subjects of verbs
        Direct objects of verbs
        Subject noun predicates
        Object noun predicates
        Indirect objects of verbs
        Appositives
        Objects of prepositions
        Vocatives
        Structural criteria
        Grammatical morphemes
        Plural inflection
        only Countable nouns
        Add -s
        Possessive inflection
        's
        like girl's
        Derivational mophemes
        They change other words (adj.) into nouns
        Add -ness
        Add -dom
        Add -ment
        Adjectives
        Semantic criteria
        Word that describes a quality of something
        Structural criteria
        No number or gender
        Occur between determiner and noun
        certain Derivational morphemes are associated to adj: -able, -ish, -ful, -y
        After the verb To be or other linking verbs: look, get, stay, feel, etc.
        some Adjectives have inflectional morphemes for:
        Comparative forms: -er
        Superlative forms: -est
        Functional criteria
        They modify or complement nouns
        They can be:
        Attributive
        before a Noun
        Predicative
        after a Linking Verb
        Adverbs
        Semantic criteria
        Words that modify verbs
        Common types:
        Time
        Location
        Direction
        Manner
        Frequency
        Functional criteria
        Flexible
        Initial
        Mid
        Final
        Primary function
        Modify verbs
        Structural criteria
        Manner adverbs are the only ones with: distinctive inflections
        Add -ly
      - Minor Parts of Speech
        The structural role in a sentence
        The funtion or functors words are:
        Prepositions
        Semantic and Funtion criteria
        They connect words to other parts of a sentence.
        They are close with the word that follows, such as noun.
        Srtuctural criteria
        they are one word: in; on; from
        They can be two or three: out of; on top of; in the middle
        Pronouns
        Functional criteria
        Different types
        Subject
        Object
        Demonstrative
        Possessive
        Reflexive
        Structural criteria
        Proximity
        Number
        Gender
        Person
        Semantic criteria
        Refer to or replace nouns
        Used as a direct reference
        Determiners
        Structural criteria
        Possessive determiners
        distinguish by
        singular or plural Number
        feminine or masculine Gender
        1st; 2nd and 3rd Person
        Functional criteria
        Precede the noun or noun phrase
        Precede the adjective
        Types
        Demonstratives
        Articles
        Possessive determiners
        Semantic criteria
        Determiners limit the nouns that follow them
        Conjunctions
        Semantic criteria
        Words that join
        Structural and functional criteria
        types
        Coordinating
        They join elements that are grammatically equal.
        such as: and, but, or
        Subordinating
        They join a subordinate clause to a main clause.
        such as: because, however, when, etc.
        Adverbial subordinators
  - It's the morpho-syntax of language.
Suprasentential Level
- Backgrounding and foregrounding
  - some sentences provide
    - the Background information to the story
      - It's the setting of the story.
      - use the Present verb tenses
  - In a discourse narrative
  - other sentences function in
    - the Foreground to carry the main storyline or plot.
      - The information is part of the story.
      - use the Past verb tenses
      - It's interrupted by the background tense
- Cohesion
  - It's the internal organization structure of a text
  - Linguistic mechanisms types
    - Reference
      - It can have pronoun, possessive determinant or possessive pronoun
      - Find who or what this word refers to something in the sentence
        Example: he refers back to the boy
    - Ellipsis
      - Show that words are deliberately left out of a sentence but the sentence can still be understood.
        Example: he elliptically signals that he did something
    - Substitution
      - Show that a word is replaced by a phrase or idea
        It can be an auxiliary verb
        Example: do substitutes for college
    - Conjunction
      - Use a kind of word that joins or connects phrases, ideas or clauses in a sentence
        such as: and, but, because, although
        Example: therefore makes explicit the causal relationship between the first and second sentence
    - They give structure or cohesion to texts at discourse level
    - Lexical cohesion
      - Use to substitute with the use of words that belong to a similar group.
        such as: antonym or synonym
        Example: coins refer back to money
- Register
  - Refers to the level of formality or informality features of language
    - It involves variables
      - Field
        It refers to the social activity the language is being used and what is being talked about
      - Tenor
        It's concerned with the roles and relationships of interlocutors
      - Mode
        It refers to the channel of communication
        types
        written
        formal or informal ways
        spoken can be:
        face to face
        more remote
- Genre
  - Refers to the linguistic variation is due to the communicative purposes to wich the language is put.
  - It has different patterns of words, structure and voice according to the type of texts
    - such as: a scientific resech paper, a recipe, a letter, a story, a legal document
- Given & new
  - Refers to the text or an oral are organized and their information is distributed among sentences in a text.
  - Given information
    - It's that which is assumed by the writer to be known by the reader
      - 2rd - given more information in the written text
        in Theme or Themes of subsequent clauses
  - New information
    - It's newsworthy: the writer cannot take for granted the reader knows
      - 1er - introduce information in the written text
        in Rheme of a clause
Sentential Level
- Types of sentences
  - Simple or monoclausal Sentence
    - contains at least a subject and a verb
    - Can stand alone as an independent clause
  - Compound Sentence
    - consists of two or more clause of equal grammatical importance
    - clauses are joined by
      - Coordination conjunction
        like: and, or, but
  - Complex Sentence
    - it contains
      - Main clause and one or more Subordinate clauses
    - Subordinate clause are introduced by
      - Subordination conjunction or adverbial subordinator
        like: because, after, least, so, since, that, until, etc.
- Sentence Moods
  - Mood conveys the speaker's attitude towards the factual content of the sentence.
  - Main Moods
    - The main communicative functions of language
    - Declarative or imdicative mood
      - Statement sentence
        Affirmative or negative form
        Indirect question form
        use to tell someone something
    - Interrogative mood
      - Question sentence
        Direct question
        Affirmative or negative form
        Types: yes/no and Wh.question
        use to ask someone something
    - Imperative mood
      - Command sentence
        use to tell someone to do something
        Affirmative or negative form
        Direct question form
  - Minor Moods
    - Subjunctive mood
      - marked by using a different form of the verb from the regularly expected
        use the uninflected base form (be verb) or were form
      - Indicate:
        The hypotheticality of the propositional content or a speaker's uncertainty.
        That something is contrary to fact
        signal by
        3rd person plural Past tense form
    - Exclamatory mood
      - Exclamation sentence
        use to express an emotion
- Theme & Rheme
  - English uses word order to assign the roles of theme and rheme.
  - Theme
    - The point of departure of the message
    - The framework for interpreting what follows
    - Subject of the sentence
    - provides
  - Rheme
    - Predicate of the sentence
- Markedness
  - Term marked to refer to:
    - Exceptions from what is typical or predictable
      - for example: were -subjunctive form
      - Unmarked structures
    - Instances of thematization of nonsubjects
      - the Theme, for example: Despite the rain,..
        Adverbial prepositional phase
      - Marked structures
- Voice
  - Voice allows the speaker or writer to thematize noun phrases other than agents
  - refer to:
    - Active voice
      - shows the subject of a sentence performs the action
        subject functions as the theme
    - Passive voice
      - shows the subject is affected by the action
        object functions as the theme
        It's the actor or agent of some action
  - It allows for different constituents to function as themes.

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Beschreibung: Ingles Mindmap am Grammatical Metalanguage, erstellt von mariel bustos am 07/05/2020.
Erstellt von: mariel bustos
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Verlauf: Erstellt von mariel bustos · 6 Mai 2020

Kopiert von mariel bustos · 7 Mai 2020
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