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Vitamins

Jose Gabriel Zabala Quintero Spanisch

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Vitamins

Organic substances, essential in the diet in low concentrations that are involved in functions fundamentals of the body
- Characteristics
  - They fulfill functions Metabolic
  - They are not used as energy substratess
  - Cases of intake
    - Hypervitaminosis
      - Additional intake of vitamins
        Vitamin concentration above recommended
    - Hypovitaminosis
      - Vitamin shortage in the body
        Vitamin concentration below recommended
    - The basal requirement varies according
      - Age
      - Sex
      - Physical activity
      - Work activity
      - Stations year
Types
- Fat soluble
  - General properties
    - For its absorption it needs fatty acids and the union with chylomicrons
      - Slow absorption
      - Absorption in the small intestine, jejunum
    - Need albumin for transport
    - They can be stored in the body
      - Toxic
    - Longer half-life
    - Does´nt participate as co-enzymes
    - Take action for specific actions
    - Slow elimination from the body
  - Physico-chemical properties
    - Thermosets
      - They tolerate between 50 - 60 C
    - Photosensitive
      - It is degraded by ultraviolet light
        Gamma rays
        X-rays
    - PH resistance
      - They resist up to a pH of 4 acid without degrading
      - In basic PH 8 it begins to degrade
  - Constituted by
    - Vitamin A (Retinol)
      - Food sources
        Meat
        Milk
        Eggs
        Liver
        Butter
        Frutas y verduras rojas o amarillas
        Papaya
        Carrot
        Auyama
        Pimentones
      - Diseases and symptoms due to shortages (hypovitaminosis)
        Xerophthalmia
        Dry Eye
        Night blindness
        Decreased sensitivity to reduced light
      - Diseases or symptoms due to excesses (hypervitaminosis)
        Hepatic toxicity
        Symptoms
        Sickness
        Jaundice
        Anorexy
        Irritability
        Hepatitis
        During pregnancy it is teratogenic
        It is recommended that pregnant women decrease their intake of foods that contain a high concentration of Vitamin A
      - Transition states
        Cis
        Trans
        Retinaldehyde form of retinol
        They arise from the transformation of retinoic acid
      - Functions
        Differentiation of epithelia
        The exchange occurs in the epithelia of the cornea
        Vision functions
        Incorporation into the pigments responsible for the perception of light in the eye
        Acts as an antioxidant
        Helps in the formation of hormones
      - Characteristics
        Fat soluble
        Photosensitive
        Thermostable
        Storage in
        Liver
    - Vitamin D (Calciferol)
      - Characteristics
        Fat soluble
        Photosensitive
        Thermostable
        Storage in
        Kidney
        Activation in
        Liver
        Kidney
        It is an endogenous vitamin since we can produce it on our own
      - Sources of obtaining
        Exposure to sunlight
        Dairy products
      - Diseases and symptoms due to shortages (hypovitaminosis)
        Raquitismo
        Weakening and deformation of children's bones
        Type 1
        The enzyme that activates vitamin D is the one that has a deficit in its functioning
        Causes in children
        Genu varo
        Deformity in the lower extremities with external angulations
        Genu valgo
        Deformity in the lower extremities with internal angulations
        Type 2
        The Vitamin D receptor is deficient
        Osteoporosis
        Weakness and fragility in the bones
        Osteomalacia
        Disease that affects the mineralization of the bones causing pain and fractures
      - Diseases or symptoms due to excesses (hypervitaminosis)
        Hypercalcemia
        Calcifications
        Arterial hypertension
      - Forms
        Exogenous form
        Ergocalciferol (Vitamin D2)
        They become in calcitriol
        Endogenous form
        Colecalciferol (Vitamin D3)
        Active form
        Calcitriol
      - Functions
        Promotes intestinal absorption of calcium
        Helps maintain bones in their optimal state
        Contributes to the normal functioning of the immune system
        Helps the movement of different muscle groups
        Essential for the production of proteins and calcium
    - Vitamina E (Tocoferol)
      - Características
        Fat soluble
        Photosensitive
        Intermediate thermostability
        Storage in
        Adipose tissue
        Cellular membrane
        Endoplasmic reticulum
        Mitochondria
      - Forms
        Tocoferol
        Most used way
        Tocotrienol
      - Food sources
        Vegetable oils
        Almonds
        Walnuts
        Seeds
        Vegetables
        Eggs
        Meat
        Liver
      - Diseases and symptoms due to shortages (hypovitaminosis)
        Eye sight problems
        Difficulty or unsteady for walk
        Slow reflexes
        Muscular weakness
      - Diseases or symptoms due to excesses (hypervitaminosis)
        Sickness
        Diarrea
        Fatigue
      - Functions
        Prevents the oxidation of lipoproteins such as LDL
        Reduces the risk of atherosclerosis
        Neutraliza radicales libres de oxígeno tipo Ross
        Capture
        OH
        O2
        Neutralize
        Oxygen singlete (1O2)
        Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
        Prevents oxidative stress
        Generates tissues
        Intervenes in fertility in a positive way
    - Vitamina K (Filoquinona)
      - Características
        Thermostable
        Photosensitive
        Fat soluble
        Resists the PH of the stomach
        Stores
        Liver
      - It is a semi-essential vitamin, which is produced by probiotics
        Probiotics are bacteria or microorganisms acquired in childhood
        The synthesis of vitamin K can be helped by the intake of
        Basil
        Foliar vegetables
        Lettuce
        Spinach
        Chard
      - Formas
        Menaquinona
        Menadiol
        Vitamin K as a pharmacist
        Menadiol diacetate
      - Variations
        K1
        Help with clotting
        K2
        Help for bone mineralization
      - Diseases and symptoms due to shortages (hypovitaminosis)
        Osteoporosis
        Hemorrhagic disease of the newborn
        Bruising
        Clotting problems
      - Diseases or symptoms due to excesses (hypervitaminosis)
        Hemolytic anemia
        Neurological conditions in infants.
        Liver problems
      - Functions
        Controls the formation of clotting factors
        Factor II (Protrombina)
        Factor VII
        Factor X
        Factor IX
        Regulates blood clotting
        It is an essential cofactor for the carboxylation of glutamic acid residues
- Water soluble
  - General properties
    - Easy distribution through the bloodstream
    - Less complex absorption
      - In the small intestine
    - Are not stored
      - Less risk of toxicity
    - Show deficiencies more easily
    - They all work almost like coenzymes
  - Constituted by
    - Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid)
      - Functions
        Generates collagen
        Promotes the cicatrization
        Promotes the formation of the supportive tissue
        Helps to repair the deterioration in bones or teeth
        Acts as an antioxidant
        Helps to protect the cells against damage caused by free radicals
        Essential for the normal functioning of blood vessels
      - Food sources
        Kiwi
        Mango
        Papaya
        Broccoli
        Cauliflower
      - Diseases and symptoms due to shortages (hypovitaminosis)
        Scurvy
        Inflammation and bleeding of the gums
        Bleedings
        Hair loss
        Bruises
        Hemorrhage
      - Diseases or symptoms due to excesses (hypervitaminosis)
        Stomache
        Diarrhea
        Abdominal cramps
        Vomiting
    - Vitamin B1 (Tiamina)
      - Use as a coenzyme
        Thiamine pyrophosphate
        Transfer groups of aldehydes to other molecules
      - Functions
        Contributes to regulate
        Nervous system
        Myocardium
        Increase
        Participates in the transport of sodium.
        It is involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates.
        Collaborates in the synthesis of fatty acids.
        Participates in chemical reactions of cellular respiration
      - Diseases and symptoms due to shortages (hypovitaminosis)
        Diarrea
        Weightloss
        Peripheral nerve degeneration
        Brain blood flow is reduced
        Vascular resistance increases.
        Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
        Cardiovascular beriberi
      - Food sources
        Integral products
        Eggs
        Nuts and seeds.
        Legumes and peas
        Beef and pork.
      - It does not produce toxicity in the body
    - Vitamin B2 (Riboflavina)
      - Use as a coenzyme
        Flavin coenzyme
        Participates in oxidation-reduction reactions
      - Food sources
        Dairy product
        Eggs
        Green leafy vegetables.
        Lean meats
        Vísceras
        Liver
        Kidney
      - Functions
        Helps in the maintenance of mucous membranes
        Helps in the production of red blood cells
        Helps transport oxygen
        Helps maintain the nervous system
        Helps to maintain the skin
      - It does not produce toxicity in the body
      - Diseases and symptoms due to shortages (hypovitaminosis)
        Mouth ulcers
        Glossitis
        Skin lesions
        Anemia
    - Vitamin B3 (Niacina)
      - Use as a coenzyme
        Nicotidamide
        Molecule with oxidation-reducing capacity
      - Food sources
        Milk
        Eggs
        Fish
        Lean meats
      - Functions
        Allows the synthesis of coenzymes
        NAD
        NADH
        Contributes to the improvement of the circulatory system.
        Important for converting food into energy
        Intervenes in the functioning of the digestive system
      - Diseases or symptoms due to excesses (hypervitaminosis)
        Liver toxicity
        Headaches
        Intestinal cramps
        Peptic ulcer
      - Diseases and symptoms due to shortages (hypovitaminosis)
        Pelagra
        Fatigue
        Memory loss
    - Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic acid)
      - Use as a coenzyme
        Coenzyme A
        Important for oxidative oxidation
      - Food sources
        Liver
        Avocado
        Mushrooms
      - Functions
        In charge of purifying and detoxifying the body
        Fatty acid oxidation
        In the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvic acid
      - Diseases and symptoms due to shortages (hypovitaminosis)
        Short bowel syndrome with chronic diarrhea
        Parestesia
        Irritability
      - Diseases or symptoms due to excesses (hypervitaminosis)
        May cause diarrhea
    - Vitamin B6 (Piridoxina)
      - Use as a coenzyme
        Pyridoxal phosphate
        Transfer of amino groups
      - Food sources
        Banana
        Walnuts
        Vegetables
      - Functions
        Important in metabolism
        Amino acids
        Glycogen
        Important in the action of steroid hormones
        Important in the action of steroid hormones
        Helps the immune system to produce antibodies
      - Diseases and symptoms due to shortages (hypovitaminosis)
        Dermatitis
        Anemia
        Glositis
      - Diseases or symptoms due to excesses (hypervitaminosis)
        Sensory neuropathy
        Joint numbness.
    - Vitamin B8 (Biotina)
      - Use as a coenzyme
        Biocytin
        Carboxylation reactions
      - Food sources
        Eggs
        Vegetables
        Cereals
      - Functions
        Important coenzyme function for carboxylases and decarboxylases
        Promotes the formation of glands that generate hormones
        Helps in the formation of the dermis
      - Diseases and symptoms due to shortages (hypovitaminosis)
        dermatitis
        Dry mouth
      - Diseases or symptoms due to excesses (hypervitaminosis)
        Diarrhea
    - Vitamina B9 (Ácido fólico)
      - Use as a coenzyme
        Tetrahydrofolate
        Involved in carbon transfer
      - Food sources
        Whole grains
        Meat
        Spinach
      - Functions
        Involved in cell multiplication
        Intervenes in the development of the nervous system
        Important for the formation of red blood cells and DNA
      - Diseases and symptoms due to shortages (hypovitaminosis)
        Megaloblastic anemia
        Growth retardation
        Glositis
      - Diseases or symptoms due to excesses (hypervitaminosis)
        Vitamin B12 deficiency
    - Vitamin B12 (Cobalamina)
      - Use as a coenzyme
        Cobalamin coenzyme
        Acts in alkylation reactions
      - Food sources
        It is only found in foods of animal origin
        Red meat
        Liver
      - Functions
        Essential in DNA and RNA synthesis
        Essential for the formation of red blood cells
        Acts in the regeneration of tissues
      - Diseases and symptoms due to shortages (hypovitaminosis)
        Pernicious anemia
        Numbness of arms and legs
        Diarrea
      - Diseases or symptoms due to excesses (hypervitaminosis)
        Insuficiencia cardiaca
        Formation of blood clots
        Vision problems
  - Physico-chemical properties
    - Thermostable
      - They tolerate between 40-50
    - They resist the pH of the stomach
      - PH 4
    - Photostable

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Beschreibung: Mindmap am Vitamins, erstellt von Jose Gabriel Zabala Quintero am 19/09/2020.
Erstellt von: Jose Gabriel Zabala Quintero
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Vitamins

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