Positive and Negative Reinforcement

Positive and Negative Reinforcement

1. The magnitude of a reinforcer pertains to

   • The duration of time of a R
   • The # of reinforcers per unit time (reinforcer rate)
   • the intensity of the reinforcer

2. To maintain potent EOs for reinforcers you may

   • using a variety of reinforcers
     • A variety of less preferred reinforcers can be just as powerful
   • varying properties of the reinforcer
   • Give choices
   • removing and then introducing the reinforcer
   • Natural Deprivation
   • Using generalized reinforcers

3. Criterion for reinforcement should be set

   • first response should likely produce reinforcement

4. Satiation of a reinforcer

   • an abolishing operation
   • Reduces the value of the reinforcer which makes a reinforcer less effective
   • reducing the EO for the reinforcer
   • Generalized reinforcers are minimally affected by satiation
     • Can be delivered frequently without effecting potency.

5. Quality of a reinforcer refers to

   • personal preference
   • independent of magnitude

6. Direct Reinforcement Contingencies

   • yield immediate reinforcement not aided by another person

7. Contrived Reinforcement

   • Arranged for the purpose of modifying behavior

8. Natural Reinforcement

   • occurs from contingencies that are present in the natural environment
   • praise and social interaction
   • automatic reinforcement

9. pairing together to shift from contrived to natural.

10. Specific praise

    • emphasis on the behavior rather than the individual
    • Labeled praise and descriptive praise
    • contingent of the occurrence of behavior
    • stating the target behavior and specifying the benefit of the behavior

11. Waiting for reinforcement

    • Increase patient waiting during a reinforcer delay
      • use distracting stimuli
      • starting with a short delay and gradually increasing it
        • for large rewards
      • providing verbal assurance that the reinforcer will be forthcoming
      • teach clients self prompting
      • conditioned reinforcers
    • Other behaviors can be reinforced if temporally closer
    • is not effective if verbal skills are weak

12. Behavior is likely a result of instructional control if

    • there is no identifiable immediate consequence
    • the response to consequence delivery is greater than 30 seconds
    • the frequency of behavior changes due to changes in antecedents
    • a single instance of reinforcement results in a large increase in behavior
    • there is a rule for the behavior but no apparent consequences

13. Self control

    • An organism's preference for a larger later, more delayed reinforcer versus a smaller, more immediate reinforcer

14. Impulsivity

    • An organism's preference for smaller, more immediate reinforcer versus a larger, more delayed reinforcer