Thermochemical principles

Thermochemical principles

1. Electronic Structure

   • Electron configurations
   • Ionisation Energy
     • Factors
     • Definition
     • Equation
     • Endothermic Process
   • Removal of electrons

2. Periodic Trends

   • Atomic Radii
     • Across a period
     • Down a group
   • Ionic Radii
     • Positive Ions
     • Negative Ions
   • Electronegativity (to determine polarity)

3. Shapes of molecules

   • Repulsion of pairs of electrons
     • Bonded/Non-Bonded
   • Common Shapes (must learn w/ angle)

4. Bonding (Lewis Structure)

   • Covalent Bonding
   • Ionic Bonding

5. Thermochemical Principles

6. Intermolecular Forces

   • Forces (pg 39)
     • Temporary Dipole (weakest)
     • Permanent Dipole (stronger)
     • Hydrogen Bonding (strongest)
   • Bond Strength
     • Energy required to break bonds
   • Solubility (in water)
     • Able to hydrogen bond with water molecules (pg 43)
       • Lower molar mass alcohols
       • Simple sugars
       • Ammonia Gas (NH3)
   • Heats of Reaction (change in enthalpy) (pg 46)
     • Endothermic
       • Heat is absorbed
       • More energy required to break existing bonds
     • Exothermic
       • Heat is released
       • More energy required to form new bonds
     • Activation Energy
     • Entropy, Enthalpy and Spontaneous Reactions
       • Definitions
       • Balancing Reactions
       • Measuring enthalpy changes (pg 52)
         • Using Hess's Law (62)
       • Phase Changes
         • Definitions of different types of enthalpy