Grammar 2

Grammar 2

1. Reported speech

   • Statements
     • Reported speech is when we tell someone what another person said. To do this, we can use direct speech or indirect speech. direct speech: 'I work in a bank,' said Daniel. indirect speech: Daniel said that he worked in a bank.
       • In indirect speech, we often use a tense which is 'further back' in the past (e.g. worked) than the tense originally used (e.g. work). This is called 'backshift'. We also may need to change other words that were used, for example pronouns.
   • Quetions
     • Normal word order is used in reported questions, that is, the subject comes before the verb, and it is not necessary to use 'do' or 'did'
       • Yes/No Q. This type of question is reported by using 'ask' + 'if / whether' + clause
         • This type of question is reported by using 'ask' (or another verb like 'ask') + question word + clause. The clause contains the question, in normal word order and with the necessary tense change.

2. Reported speech

   • Commands and Requests
     • The pattern is verb + indirect object + to-clause. The indirect object is the person spoken to. Other verbs used to report orders and requests in this way are: command, order, warn, ask, advise, invite, beg, teach, & forbid.
       • Requests for objects are reported using the pattern "asked for" + object.
         • Suggestions are most often reported using the verbs suggest, insist, recommend, demand, request, and propose followed by a that clause. 'That' and 'should' are optional in these clauses, as shown in the first two examples below.
   • Reporting Verbs
     • When we tell someone what another person said, we often use the verbs say, tell or ask. These are called 'reporting verbs'. ... Many reporting verbs can be followed by another verb in either an infinitive or an -ing form.
       • Verbs like advise, agree, challenge, claim, decide, demand, encourage, invite, offer, persuade, promise, refuse and remind can follow an infinitive pattern. We can also use an infinitive to report imperatives, with a reporting verb like tell, order, instruct, direct or warn.
         • Verbs like admit, apologise for, complain about, deny, insist on, mention and suggest can follow an -ing form pattern.
   • Reference
     • https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/grammar/intermediate-to-upper-intermediate/reported-speech-3-reporting-verbs

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