QUALITATIVE RESEARCH APPROACHES

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH APPROACHES

1. Phenomenology

   • Inquiry strategy where the essences of human experiences are identified on a phenomenon described
     • colud be
       • Hermeneutic phenomenology
         • Oriented to lived experiences
       • Empirical phenomenology
         • Describes how the word makes sense to individuals
     • procedure
       • Determine whether the research is best examined using a phenomenological approach
       • Recognize and specify philosophical assumptions of phenomenology
       • Collect data from the individuals who experienced the phenomenon
       • Ask general questions and analyze data
       • Describe the experiences of individuals
       • Description where the essence of the phenomenon is presented

2. Grounded Theory

   • The researcher derives a general, abstract theory of a process based on the views of the participants
     • Its main characteristic is the constant comparison of data with emerging categories
     • types
       • systematic procedures and constructivist approach
     • procedure
       • Determine whether grounded theory is the most appropriate for the study
       • Asking research questions
       • Collect enough information for development
       • Analyze data in stages
       • Axial & selective coding
       • Outcome of the process

3. Case study

   • Inquiry strategy where a process is explored in depth. Cases are limited by time and activity
   • types
     • Instrumental Case Study
       • Focuses on one problem
     • Collective Case Study
       • Multiple case studies are selected to illustrate the problem
     • Intrinsic Case Study
       • The focus is on the case itself, since an unusual or unique situation is presented
   • procedure
     • Determine if the approach is appropriate
     • Identify the case or cases
     • Gather information
     • Analyze data
     • Report the significance of the case

4. Ethnography

   • A cultural group is studied within a natural environment. This type of research is flexible and typically evolves
     • procedure
       • Identify and locate the cultural exchange group to study
         • Select cultural topics for the group to study
           • Determine the type of ethnography to use
             • Gather information about where the group works and lives
               • Forge a set of rules as a final product of analysis
   • types
     • Critical ethnography
       • Includes a defensive perspective to the research
     • Realistic ethnography
       • Traditional approach used by cultural anthropologists. It is an objective narrative

5. Narrative Research

   • The lives of individuals are studied from stories about their lives. The result is a combination of the participant's and the researcher's views of life
   • types
     • Analysis of narratives & narrative analysis
   • procedure
     • Determine if the problem fits the narrative research
     • Select one or more people who have life experiences to relate
     • Gather information about the context of the stories
     • Analyze the participants' stories
     • Collaborate with participants actively involved in the research

6. Action Research (Mixed)

   • The essences of human experiences of a described phenomenon are identified
   • types
     • sequential & concurrent
   • procedure
     • It seeks to extend the findings of one method with another method
       • Converge or merge quantitative and qualitative data to provide a comprehensive analysis of the research problem
         • Uses a theoretical lens with a general perspective within a design