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1. Indus Valley Civilization (2350 - 1750)

   • Mohenjodaro (City of dead) and Harappa proved India to be oldest civilization
     • British Archaeologist - Marshal
     • Harappa in Montgomery district in Punjab in 1921
     • Mohenjodaro in Larkhana district of Sindh Pakistan

2. Vedic Period (1500 BC - 600 BC)

   • Aryans - Punjab, Sindh, Kashmir, Gandhara, Kabul
   • Village settlements - clan or kula
   • King was the supreme power
     • Chief queen - Mahishi
     • Saba and Samiti - assemblies
   • No rigidity in caste system
   • Shad - Darshana
     • Sankhya - Kapila
     • Yoga - Patanjali
     • Nyaya - Gautama
     • vaishesika - kanada
     • Mimanra - Jaimini
     • Vedant/Uttara mimaura - Badarayana
   • Vedas and epics - Ramayana and Mahabaratha

3. Buddhism

   • Gautama Buddha - Sankhyamuni/Tathagata
     • 563 BC Lumbini Nepal
       • Yoshodhara - wife, Rahul - son, Father - Suddhodhana , Mahamaya - mother
     • age -29 left palace
       • 6 yrs wandered
         • enlightment - Gaya mahadha in Bihar
           • First sermon at Samath - Dharmachakra Privartana
     • MahapariNirvana at age 80 in KushiNagar (UP)
   • Councils
     • Rajgriha First council - 483 BC - Mehakasppa
       • Two Pitakas - Vinaya pitaka,,Sutta Pitaka
         • Vinaya pitaka - rules of discipline in monasteries
         • Sutta pitaka - collection of Buddhist sermons
         • Abidhamma pitakka - explanation of philosophical principles of Buddhist religion
       • King Ajatsatru
     • Second Council - 383 BC under Sabakami - Vaishali
       • King - Kalarouka
       • Followers - Sthavirmadins, Mahasanghikas
     • Third council - 250 BC under Magaliputa Tissa - Pataliputra
       • King - Ashoka
       • Tripitaka was coded in Pali language
     • Fourth council - 72 AD - Vasumithra in Kashmir
       • King - Kanishka, VC - Ashwagosha
       • Divided buddhism into HInayana and Mahayana
   • Architecture
     • Stupas - relics
     • Chaita - prayer halls
     • Vihara - residence

4. Jainisim

   • 24 tirthankaras
     • 1st - Rishabnath - bull
     • 23rd - Parashwanath - Snake - Son of king Ashvasena
     • 24th - Vardamana - Mahavira - Lion -599 BC - Bihar
       • related to Bimbisara
       • F- Siddhartha, M- Trishala, W- Yashoda, D- Priyadarsena
         • Jamali - 1st disciple
       • Age 30 - ascetic
         • On 13th year Jrimbhikgrama attained Kaivalya
           • Jaina - Jitendriya , followers - jains, Arihant - worthy
             • Age 72 patna 527 BC death of pava
       • added bramacharya to vows
   • 5 Vows
     • Ahimsa
     • Satya
     • Asteya - non stealing
     • Aparigraha - non possession
     • Bramhacharya

5. Magadh Empire

   • Haryanka Dynasty
     • Bimbisara - 544 - 492 BC
       • AjatSatru - 492 BC- 460 BC
         • Udayin 460 - 440 BC- Pataliputra
         • 1st Buddhist council
     • Nagadasaka - last ruler
   • Shishunaga Dynasty (412 - 344 BC)
     • Sishunaga
       • kalashoka - 2nd Buddhist council
   • Alexandar invasion - 326 BC
     • WIth Poras ruler of Punjab in R. Jhelum
   • Mauryan Dynasty (321 BC - 182 BC)
     • ChandraguptaMaurya & Chanakya
       • Bindusara (298-273BC)
         • Ashoka the great (269-232)
           • Kalinga war - switched to Buddhism
           • 3rd Buddhist Council
       • Greek Megasthenese
         • Defeated invasion of Seleucus Nikator
   • Post maurya period
     • Sunga Dynasty (185 BC- 75 BC)
       • Pushyamitra Sunga
       • Kanva dynasty ( 75 BC- 30 BC)
         • Kushana dynasty (30 BC to 375 AD)
           • Kanishka
             • 4th Buddhist council
     • Sattavahanas in SOuth
   • Gupta dynasty
     • Sri Gupta (240 CE to 280 CE)
       • Ghatotkacha
         • Chandragupta 1 (319-335AD)
           • Samudragupta(335CE to 375 CE)
             • Ramagupta
               • Chandragupta 2 / VIkramaditya/ Samudragupta (376-413/415 CE)
                 • Kumaragupta ( 415 CE to 455 CE)
                   • Skandagupta(455 AD – 467 AD)
                     • Vishnugupta - last known ruler
                     • vaishnavite
                     • Repulsed the attacks of Huns but strain in coffer
                   • founded Nalanda Uni
                   • Called as Shakraditya , worshipped skanda
                 • Navratnas (9 Gems in his Court)
                   • Kalidasa, Varahimihira, Dhanvantri, Vetalabhatta,..
                 • Repelled Saka invasions
             • Napolean of India’ by V.A. Smith
             • Eran inscription (Madhya Pradesh)
           • Started Gupta era
           • ‘Maharajadhiraja‘
   • Vardhana dynasty
     • Harshavardhana(606-646AD)
   • Cholas (300s BCE–1279 CE)
   • Rajputs
   • Nanda Dynasty (344BC-323BC)
     • Mahapadmanandha - Ekrat/Ugrasena
       • Overthrew the Magadha dynasty
     • Dhanananda last ruler
   • Chalukyas(543–753)
     • Pulakesi
   • Pallavas(275 CE–897 CE)
   • Pandavas(4th century BCE–1345 AD)
   • Cheras (3rd century BCE–12th century CE)