Periods

Periods

1. Renaissance

   • Rebirth, spread of new ideas
     • Transition agricultural to urban
       • New social system (middle class)
         • Classicism-secularism-humanism
           • Printing press was invented in 1455 by Johan Gutenberg (Made books accessible)
   • Vernacular literature
     • Language of their own region
     • Authors
       • Castiglione-- Book of Cartier--Not made ,but born--Skills to be a warrior--believed in education--enrich life with art--
         • Niccolo Machiovelli- The prince--Political guide book--how to acquire and keep power--The end justify the means
           • William Shakespeare-- Romeo & Juliet--English playwright, he developed a new way of doing theater-- He came up with more than 1700 new english words
             • Erasmus from Rotterdam--The Praise Of Fally (Criticized the abuses of church) --Dutch priest, He produced the bible in Greek, He doubted and organized church, he said church should teach how to have a good life and not provide a system of beliefs.
   • Humanist writers characteristics
     • Promoted education
       • Used reason to improve
         • Secular
           • There was a Christian Humanism in the Northern region

2. Reformation

   • Abuses of the church
     • Got caught up in secular affairs
       • They raised fees on marriage and baptism to finance church
         • Sold indulgences- forgiveness of sins for money
   • Martin Luther
     • German, catholic monk. Protests against church led to reformation
       • Outraged Luther, posted 95 theses on Church in Wittenberg
         • Faith alone was needed for salvation, bible was ultimate authority not the pope, all people could have a direct relationship with God
           • The pope kicked him out of church
             • Luther refused and declared an outlaw
               • Luther supporters accepted his teachings
   • Early Revolts Agains Church
     • Late 1300's John Wycliffe- attacked catholic church, called for changes
       • Early 1400's John Hus, led reform movement, accused of heresy and executed 1415
   • English Reformation
     • 1534- Act of supremacy made Henry head of Church of England
       • 1536-1540, Seized monastery lands and wealth
         • Gave land to nobles
           • Book of common prayer required in all church services
   • Catholic Counter Reformation
     • Most europeans remained Catholic
       • Educated clergy
         • Indulgences were valid
           • Reaffirmed traditional catholic views, final authority on the Bible
   • Legacies of the Reformation
     • Religious differences caused intolerance, divided Europe
     • Different religions persecuted those that were different
     • Weakened church allowed strong monarchies to develop
     • Led to Enlightenment and Scientific Revolution
     • Jews forced to live in ghettos across Europe