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1. Intelligence

   • "The use of knowledge to reason, make decisions, make sense of events, solve problems, understand complex ideas, learn quickly, and adapt to environmental challenges" (Grison & Gazzaniga, pp. 313, 2019).

2. Alfred Binet & Theodore Simon

   • Creation of the intelligence test to measure an individual's skills in English, Math, and other common subjects.
     • Upon completion of the test will result in an Intelligence Quotient score or IQ. This score is based on the overall performance on each subject of the test.

3. Raymond Cattell

   • General Intelligence: A common factor that connects the scores of different areas of intelligence
     • Raymond believes that general intelligence is made up of two separate aspects of intelligence.
       • Fluid Intelligence: mostly consists of information processing like reasoning and critical thinking.
         • Working Memory
       • Crystallized Intelligence: consists of using knowledge gained through experience to problem-solve.
         • Long-term Memory

4. Howard Gardner

   • Multiple Intelligences: people are able to show intelligence in many different ways and being intelligent in one area does not deplete a person's intelligence in other areas.
     • Did not develop a way to measure said intelligence.