W.Köhler

W.Köhler

1. against "lucky" experiments of Pavlov, Thorndike...

2. experiments with chimpanzees

   • chimpanzees - closer to humans in comparison with other animals
   • given sticks to get bananas into a cage
   • impulse of re-analysis
     • theory of insight
       • learning
         • a product of mental manipulation
           • learning cannot be produced artificially
         • a result of personal interactions with environment

3. Gestalt - configuration

   • configurationr of activities
     • scaffolding
       • logical reasoning
       • meaningful exercises
         • better understanding
     • organization of knowledge
   • nervous system - ability to accumulate and share knowledge
   • education cannot be planned
     • autonomous class
       • intrinsic motivation

4. J.Dewey

   • thinking and learning develop according to age
     • participation in activities
       • real-life tasks
       • involvement in knowledge
       • the need of practise
       • the need of creativity
       • the need of pedagogical methods
   • stages of learning but also teaching
     • definition of problem
       • suggestions
         • planning
           • hypothesizing
             • testing a hypothesis
     • important also for teachers
       • analyse the process of education - reflection