Using research instruments

Using research instruments

1. Chapter 1

   • Questionnaires
     • Definition
       • set of questions
         • Those that are detailed
           • Based on needs or topics of interest
     • Types of questionnaire
       • Mail survery
         • Group questionnaire
           • Home abandonment
     • Types of question
       • Closed questions
         • Multiple choice
           • Open questions
     • Uses
       • Collect data
         • Effective for transmitting information
           • organization of different points of view
     • Limitations
       • Leading questions
         • Complicated questions
           • Irritating questions
     • Issues
       • Posed or ambiguous questions
         • Groups can create hours, days or weeks of analysis work.
     • Data Analisis
       • Create coding frameworks

2. Chapter 2

   • Interviews
     • Definition
       • Set of assumptions and understandings
         • about situations
           • which are not normally associated with a casual conversation".
       • Not easy option
         • But...
           • Is a way of obtaining detailed information
       • Require
         • controlling
           • Closed questions
             • Multiple choice
               • Open questions
     • Draft/Types
       • Unstructured
         • Very flexible
         • Difficult to plan
         • Difficult to “steer”
         • Can prove difficult to analyse.
       • Semi-structured
         • Less flexibility
         • The interviewer directs the interview
         • Questions predetermined
         • Sufficient flexibility
       • Structured
         • Questions predetermined.
         • Control over of questions
         • Sufficient flexibility
       • Analyse the data

3. Chapter 3

   • Mind Map
     • Definition
       • Collect and analyze information
         • For: Draw conclusions and make inferences.
     • Potential
       • Effective conceptual analysis
         • 1) Decide the units
         • 2) Identify concepts
         • 3) Define concepts
         • 4) Decide means of encoding concepts
         • 5) Set coding rules
         • 6) Browse information
         • 7) Information encoding
         • 8) Analysis of results
     • Aplications
       • The textual data is interpreted
         • Analysis result are provided
           • Serves for:
             • 1) Identify the topic
               • 2) Set content categories
                 • 3) Test the categories
                   • 4) Data collection
                     • 5) Analyze content and information
     • Process
       • The data are encoded with reliability and validity
     • Quantitative models
       • Strategies for obtaining an processing information
         • Employ:
           • Numerical magnitudes and formal techniques
             • Use
               • Numerical Values
     • Qualitative models
       • Unique data complexities
         • Not require
           • Aply a predefined encording framework
             • Complex numerical analysys
         • Only use when
           • 1) You are interested in highly accurate results.
             • 2) There is a possibility that the data collected is biased.
               • 3) The data collected will be statistically related to numerical data.

4. Chapter 5

   • Observation
     • ¿What is?
       • a prolonged period of intense social interaction between the researcher and the subjects
     • Why choose observation?
       • Social researchers are interested in the ways in which people act, interpret and understand the world
       • Observation is a tool that allows researchers to understand more about what is happening, rather than just asking questions.
     • More than just looking
       • the best observa tional researchers are skilled in a technique of looking in a focused and systematic way
       • Others include listening, participating, contributing, pursuing, questioning,communicating, interacting, sharing, refraining, retreating, negotiating, timing,recording, describing, and so on.
     • Should you consider using observation in your research?
       • When the ways in which people behave and interact with one another in a social setting are important to your research.
         • When you are interested in researching social settings and what happens in them.
           • When the best way to research what you want to know is to experience it for yourself
           • When a flexible approach to research is needed
     • Planning and conducting your observation
       • Reasonably confident of two things: the focus of your study and the research questions you intend to address

5. Chapter 4

   • Focus groups
     • Definition
       • Carefully planned and moderated informal discussion
         • One person's ideas bounce off another's
           • Create an informative dialogue
     • Purposes
       • Address a specific topic, in depth
       • Comfortable environment to elicit a wide a range of:
         • Opinions
         • Attitudes
         • Perceptions
         • Feelings
           • From a group who share common experience relative to the dimension under study
     • Uses
       • Gather rich
       • Descriptive data in a small group
         • Participants who agree to focus
           • Topic of mutual interest
     • Advantages
       • The discussion will be richer, deeper and honest
       • Participants do not have to wait for their turn to speak
       • All participants have equal acess to the discussion
     • Procedure
       • The five "S" of group interaction
         • Synergism
         • Snowballing
         • Stimulation
         • Security
         • Spontaneity

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