English Syntax

English Syntax

1. Week 1; UNIT 1: SYNTAX AND LEXICAL ITEMS

   • Word classes and their criteria
     • Morphological criterion
       • Formation of words and their changes through the use of affixes, prefixes, and suffixes, as well as morphemes. morphemes.
     • Semantic criterion
       • meaning of words and their correct use
     • Syntactic criterion
       • how words come together to form coherent.
   • Grammar
     • System of rules allow interpret words clauses, phrases, and sentences.
   • Syntax
     • Defines the order of words, clauses and phrases in order to form precise sentences. form precise sentences.
   • Word classes according to the Syntactic Criterion (Position)
     • Lexical words
       • nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs.
     • Function words
       • determiners, conjunctions, prepositions, auxiliaries.
   • Structure (Internal Syntax) words are put together to form sentences.
     • Luisa is a nice girl: Noun + verb + determiner + adjective + noun
   • Function (External Syntax) relation of each constituent within a sentence.
     • Luisa is a nice girl Subject + verb + object (Predicate)
   • Morpho-Syntactic Criterion
     • complement and verb must agree in person and number in order to be coherent.
   • DERIVATIONAL AFFIXES
     • derivation of words.

2. Week 3: UNIT 2.  SUBJECT, COMPLEMENTS AND SUBCATEGORIZATION RESTRICTIONS.

   • Subject
     • Types of Subjects.
       • Proper nouns, Pronouns,Article , common noun, A plural common noun,A singular common noun or abstract nouns, A numeral + a common noun, An article + a numeral + a common noun,A clause
     • Complements
       • Subject complements
         • usually preceded by a linking verb (predicate) which connects the subject with the complement.
           • My mother is a doctor/beautiful Noun + copula verb (predicate) + subject complement
         • can be other nouns, pronouns, or adjectives, which rename or define in some way the subject
     • word or string of words that are coherent and possess a definite structure.
     • Complement configuration of Nouns
       • No complement: use of a single noun, can be accompanied by articles, determiners, or numerals) as subject. Examples: The book is on the desk (BOOK: N)
       • Prepositional Phrases : They contain a preposition (of, in, …) to connect the main noun with its complement. Examples: The king of Spain is very nice (KING: N + PP.)
       • Infinitival phrases :as complements of nouns: They use infinitives (to + verb) to complementize the noun. Example Her ability to paint is amazing (ABILITY: N + Inf.P.)
     • Subject Roles
       • Types

3. Week 4 UNIT 2. SUBJECT, COMPLEMENTS AND SUBCATEGORIZATION RESTRICTIONS.

   • Object complement
     • These are the elements that modify or complement the object. It can be a noun or adjective or any structure acting as a noun or adjective. Example: My mom made me happy. (happy modifies/complements the object me)
   • Adjectives complement
     • Adjective alone: It can be alone with no complement Example: Nicole is nice.
     • Prenominal adjectives: this refers to a NP or PP This is a beautiful house ( house modifies/ complements the adjective beautiful)
     • Adjective followed by Prepositional phrase: works as the complement of the adjective it modifies. Jorge is angry with his wife.
   • Verbs complements
     • refers are those constituents that are needed to make a syntactic construction comprehensible.
     • Types of verb complements
   • Set of general subcategorization restrictions of verbs.
     • Intransitive verbs, Intransitive locative prepositional verbs, Transitive verb, Transitive prepositional verb,Ditransitive verb, Copula and Linking verb

4. Week 5 UNIT 3: SYNTACTIC LINKAGE ACCORDING TO THE GRAMMATICAL FUNCTIONS.

   • Agreement
     • it means the relationship between the different elements of a sentence or phrase
     • Relations of agreement
       • Subject-Verb Agreement and Subject Pronouns
         • It relates to number agreement singular or plural.
     • Types
     • Rules of agreement.
       • If the subject is singular, the verb must be singular too
       • If the subject is plural, the verb must also be plural.
       • When there is one subject and more than one verb, the verbs throughout the sentence must agree with the subject
       • When two or more singular nouns or pronouns are connected by "or" or "nor," use a singular verb.
   • Subjects and Objects
   • Syntactic Linkage
     • phrases or clauses are linked to form coherent structures and provide meaning.

5. Week 6:UNIT 3: SYNTACTIC LINKAGE ACCORDING TO THE GRAMMATICAL FUNCTIONS.

   • Government refers to the relation between a word and its dependents.
   • Case refers to the grammatical relationship of nouns and pronouns with other words in a sentence.
   • three main case distinctions
     • Nominative case: refers to the Nouns or pronouns used as subjects (E. g: Michael lost his watch) and for a subject complement. (E. g: Michael is a teacher).
     • Genitive Case: use apostrophes ´s, s,
     • Accusative and Dative Case: This Case refers to the use of Objective nouns or pronouns that receive the action in the sentence.
       • -Direct Object -Indirect Object (also known as Dative) - Oblique Object

6. Week 2; UNIT 1 SYNTAX AND LEXICAL ITEMS

   • Heads
     • element on which the sentence is centered.
     • Types of phrases
       • Adv.P. Adverb Phrase E.g. Too slowly
       • Adj.P. Adjective Phrase E.g. Very tall
       • VP Verb phrase E.g: Watch TV
       • NP Noun phrase E.g. A nice table
   • Modifiers
     • create coherent communication.
     • COMPLEMENTS
       • Obligatory
       • Provide meaning to the sentence
     • ADJUNCTS
       • Optional
       • Provide further details to the clause.

7. Week 7; UNIT 3: SYNTACTIC LINKAGE ACCORDING TO THE GRAMMATICAL FUNCTIONS.

   • Number
     • Singular and plural
       • Example
     • Nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and verbs.
     • Example: I have to fix those chairs over there.
   • Person
     • Second person: you
     • Third person: He, She, it, they.
     • relationship between the subject and its verb
     • First person: I/we
     • Examples: I will do it myself.
     • Example: Antonio is selling his house.
   • Gender
     • nouns, pronouns, articles, or adjectives are defined as masculine, feminine, or neutral adjectives are not restricted to gender and number.
       • Carmen has two beautiful children.
       • They are a boy and a girl.

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