School Counseling

School Counseling

1. Human Growth and Development

   • Early Childhood (0-6)
     • Piaget
       • cannot grasp abstract concepts
       • developing motor skills through play and imitation
       • are egocentric
       • developing skills to regulate emotional responses
     • Erikson
       • child deals with series of crises tied to developmental stages
         • each crisis is resolved through positive development of skills and behaviors
         • foster self-worth and imagination
       • Opportunity to develop new skills leads to self-discovery
     • Play time settings
       • play therapy- helps children express emotions, describe events and project desires
       • Can use dolls, toys, puppets, art projects, and other manipulatives
       • Low pressure, allow children timw
   • Adolescence
     • Divided in to three stages by physical appearance, social interaction, and thinking processes
       • 11-14 adolescence
         • 15-18 middle adolescence
           • 18+ late adolescence
           • career exploration and planning
           • dating protocol
           • intimate relationships
           • self-identity
           • assertiveness training
           • stress mgmt
           • time mgmt
         • body image
         • interpersonal relationships
         • social skills
         • conflict mgmt
         • social roles
         • diversity issues
         • self-esteem
         • academic development
         • transitioning to new school
     • Therapeutic strategies center around formal/concrete to abstract
       • students can collaborate, generate, and implement solutions to dilemmas or problems
         • asking student to take a different perspective/view allows for larger spectrum
           • Counselor can faciliate student's ability to balance feelings with increased social awareness and abstract thinking
       • Alternate solutions to the problem!
     • Counselor should encourage students to set goals and values of their own, not the group
       • Help students develop own sense of identity and worth separate from cliques or idolized hero symbols
       • Actions and beliefs contribute to these!
         • Still encourage healthy peer relationships!
     • about 1/4 experience a same-sex attraction; does not predict future homosexuality
   • Middle Adulthood
   • Late Adulthood
   • Middle Childhood (7-11)
     • can think logically
       • Increased literacy skills
         • ability to mentally reverse actions
           • Cannot grasp abstract ideas
             • Can manipulate concrete ideas (concrete operational stage)
       • Developing and fragile sense of compentency
     • Counselor should provide tasks that are manageable and more likely to be successful for the student
       • Positive and encouraging feedback is important
     • Peer interaction is important
       • Helps to validate their sense of competency
       • Group counseling sessions that encourage healthy friendships
         • Best friend is important
     • frienships
       • social behaviors
       • self-esteem
     • family roles
       • problem solving
         • success in school
           • expressing emotions

2. Adlerian-based framework of five key stages

   • understanding of self and others
   • development of empathy
   • ability to communicate
   • ability to cooperate
   • responsibility

3. Promoting social and personal development

   • find commonalities between students and groups of students
   • self-actualization
     • Only achieved after basic needs, safety, loving relationships, self-esteem
     • Fulfillment of a student's potential
   • individual values
     • instrumental - values that we find important. Ex: loyalty or loving
     • terminal - values we work toward such as happiness
   • self-esteem
     • positive self-talk and thinking
   • emotional intelligence
     • develop it by listing to one's feelings and respecting them
   • managing moods
     • Take immediate action
       • think about other successes
         • resolve to try harder
           • reward yourself
   • internal locus of control: when indiv believes that he or she can positively influence his/her health
     • external locus of control: when indiv believes external forces (friends, society, etc) determine his/her health

4. relationship and development

   • person who breaks off a relationship often experience guilt, uncertainty, awkwardness
   • divorce
     • children do not have to choose sides; it is okay to love both parents

5. skills

   • affective: emotional
   • cognitive: ability to gather and understand info
   • psychomotor skills: ability to control movements and coordination
     • physical