Research Instruments: Definitions, Types and Applications

Research Instruments: Definitions, Types and Applications

1. Questionnaires

   • Structured data collection method
     • Open-ended: Respondents can give detailed answers.
     • Closed: Responses are predetermined
     • Scales: Likert, semantic differential, among others.
   • Procedure
     • Define the objectives of the questionnaire.
     • Write clear and concise questions.
     • Test the questionnaire in a small group before applying it.
   • Data analysis:
     • Open-ended responses: coding and qualitative analysis.
     • Closed responses: Descriptive and, if applicable, inferential statistical analy
   • Uses: Social research, market surveys, educational studies.
   • Limitations: Response bias may occur, low response rate in online questionnaires.

2. Interviews

   • Data collection technique based on oral questions and answers.
     • Structured: Fixed questions and pre-established order.
     • Semi-structured: Guide of topics with flexibility to go deeper.
     • Unstructured: Free conversation with general topics.
   • Procedure
     • Preparation of the interview script.
     • Conducting the interview in a suitable environment.
     • Recording (if possible) for later analysis.
   • Data Analysis
     • Transcription of the interview.
     • Coding and thematic or narrative analysis.
   • Uses: Qualitative research, opinion assessment, psychological studies.
   • Limitations: Time required, interviewer bias, environmental influence.