PSYCHOANALYTIC - FREUD

PSYCHOANALYTIC - FREUD

1. FREUD

   • KEY ASSUMPTIONS
     • Motivation
       • by unconscious mental processes
     • Personality
       • reflects current motivation and past experience
     • FOCUS: internal processes
       • = shape our personality and a person's behaviour

2. ASSUMPTIONS ABOUT BEHAVIOUR

   • Psychic Determinism
     • all behaviour = has a cause
   • v.important - unconscious processes

3. THEORY OF CONSCIOUSNESS

   • Repressed memories and behaviour =
   • 1. Conscious Level
     • actively aware at any given time
   • 2. Preconscious Level
     • unconscious momentarily but can recalled into out conscious mind
   • 3. Unconscious Level -
     • feelings and urges that we are unaware of - kept in unconscious because of unacceptable nature

4. WHAT MOTIVATES US

   • Born with a fixed libido
     • Drive for sex
   • Life preserving drives
   • Thanatos
     • = Death Instinct
   • Behaviour motivated = attempts to satisfy basic instinctual drives

5. STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY

   • 1. ID
     • Raw instincts held
       • source of all cravings of all impulses and mental energy
     • available at birth
       • based on pleasure principle
     • children - no sense of delayed gratification
     • becomes socialised
   • 2. THE EGO
     • the planning, thinking and organising area of personality
     • operates according to the 'Reality Principle'
     • Mediates between the child and outside world
   • 3. THE SUPEREGO
     • the 'conscience' of the child
     • child make judgements about right and wrong
     • comprised of parental evaluations and attitudes
     • opposite of id
   • conflict between the three of them
     • conflict - can lead to mental upset

6. PSYCHOSEXUAL

   • STAGE 1: THE ORAL STAGE
     • AGE: 0-18 MONTHS
     • PLEASURE SOURCE: Sucking, biting, swallowing
     • FEEDING EVENTS: biggest source of pleasure
     • EROGENOUS ZONE: Lips, tongues, mouths
     • OVER OR UNDER STIMULATION - leads to fixation at this stage of development
       • OVER = oral receptive character
       • UNDER: oral aggressive personality
   • Pleasure principle - strongest internal drive
   • Receive pleasure from different sources
   • STAGE 2: THE ANAL STAGE
     • AGE: 18 MONTHS - 3 YEARS
     • PLEASURE SOURCE: bowel movements
     • EROGENOUS ZONE : Anal Region
     • Conflict with parents over PT = lead to fixation with anal region
       • Leads to rebelling - these people tend to be 'anal'
   • STAGE 3: THE PHALLIC STAGE
     • AGE: 3-5 YEARS
     • PLEASURE SOURCE: Masturbation ( quite inaccurate)
     • EROGENOUS ZONE
       • genitals boys develop castration anxiety - oedipus complex
         • Girls develop penis envy, leads to Electra Complex
   • STAGE 4: THE LATENCY STAGE
     • AGE: 5 to 12 years
       • PLEASURE SOURCE: Socialising
     • EROGENOUS ZONE : N/A
     • Now develop defence mechanisms
   • STAGE 5: THE GENITAL STAGE
     • 12 years to 18+
     • changes in child's body brought on by puberty
     • Erogenous Zone: Genitals
     • Normal development = hetrosexual relationships

7. DEFENCE MECHANISMS

   • During Latency stage - emerge from socialisation with peers
   • PURPOSE
     • Avoid pain and protect ourselves
     • all use DM = healthy to do so
       • when used inappropriately = issues form
   • 12 of them
     • REPRESSION
       • repress, push back unacceptable thoughts and feeling
     • DENIAL
       • Denying unpleasant events or realities
     • RATIONALISATION
       • attempting to explain behaviour after they have happened

8. ASSESSING FREUD'S WORK

   • POSITIVES
     • Still refer to his concepts in everyday and scientific life:
       • Ego, unconscious , subconscious, Freudian slips
     • Basis of much current-day psychological counselling
     • huge advancements in treatment of mental patients
   • NEGATIVES
     • very one sided view of human nature
     • mainly inferred rather than directly observed - hard to validate
     • v.pessimistic view - Thanatos
     • Developed through poor methods
       • often limited and no quantative data
     • mainly descriptive making it difficult to validate