Discourse analysis

Discourse analysis

1. LANGUAGE IN USE

   • what is a text?
     • A meaningful piece of spoken or written language.
   • Text and discourse
     • language as a product and as communication in use
   • Spoken and written text
     • Both communicate meaning, but they can differ in structure and circumstances.
   • Example
     • It's cold in here.
       • This sentence describes the temperature
         • a particular situation it could also function as an indirect request to close a window.

2. COMMUNICATION

   • Communication involves interpreting intentions and meanings
     • Grammar
       • Knowledge of linguistic structures
     • Pragmatic meaning
       • How meaning depends on use and circumstances.
         • kinds of pragmatics meaning
           • Reference
             • concerns the person, object, place or situation
           • Efect
             • concerns how an utterance influences the listene
           • force
             • intention or function of an utterance
               • requesting
               • warning
               • promising or questioning
     • communicative competence
       • Knowing how to use language appropriately.
         • aspects Of communicative competence
           • Possibility
             • Knowing whether an utterance is grammatically correct
           • Feasibility
             • Knowing whether an utterance can be produced or understood given real-world limitations
           • Appropriateness
             • Knowing whether an expression is appropriate for the situation
           • Performance
             • Considering whether a person actually uses language in a real communicative situation

3. CONTEXT

   • Context helps people understand what an utterance means in a specific situation.
     • Situation
       • Where, when and why communication happens.
     • Shared knowledge
       • What participants already know.
     • Text-activated context
       • Information that the text makes relevant.
     • Unshared contexts
       • Differences in background knowledge that may cause misunderstandings.
     • Shared values
       • Social and cultural assumptions.

4. SCHEMATIC CONVENTIONS

   • People use background knowledge and familiar conventions to interpret communication.
     • Schemas
       • Organized knowledge about familiar situations.
     • Frames of reference
       • Perspectives that guide interpretation.
     • Interpersonal routines
       • Familiar social exchanges.
       • Genres
         • Conventional types of communication.
     • Cultural expectations
       • Shared assumptions that influence understanding.
   • Adjacency pairs:
     • Two related conversational turns

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