IoT and Signal Conditioning

IoT and Signal Conditioning

1. Sensors and Signal Conditioning

   • Physical Sensors
     • Thermistors, RTDs, strain gauges, MEMS.
     • Capture physical events: temperature, pressure, motion.
   • Signal Conditioning
     • Amplification
       • Circuits: operational amplifiers.
       • Formula
     • Filtering
       • Types: low-pass, high-pass, band-pass.
       • Low-pass filter formula:
     • Linearization
       • Convert non-linear signals into linear signals.
       • Methods: logarithmic or exponential circuits.
     • Conversion
       • ADC: analog
         • digital (successive approximation, integration, continuous current).
       • DAC: digital
         • analog (weighted resistor, constant current).

2. IoT Architecture

   • Devices and Networks
     • Sensors
     • Edge
     • Gateways
     • Cloud/Fog
     • Applications.
   • Networks
     • PAN: Bluetooth, Zigbee, Z-Wave.
     • LAN: Wi-Fi, Thread, 6LoWPAN.
     • WAN: 4G LTE, 5G, LoRaWAN, Sigfox
   • Data Processing
     • Edge computing: fast local analysis.
     • Fog computing: intermediate processing.
     • Cloud computing: storage and advanced analytic
     • Analytics: rules engines, complex event processing, machine learning (neural networks, prediction).
   • Security
     • Physical, hardware, communication, protocols.
     • Emerging technologies: Blockchain, Software Defined Perimeter.

3. Network Value in IoT

   • Metcalfe’s Law
     • Implication: more sensors/devices → higher network value.
   • Beckstrom’s Law
     • Value = sum of all benefits and costs of each transaction.
     • Formula
     • Considers resilience, interruptions, and importance of each sensor/node.

4. IoT Architect Role

   • Optimize sensor power consumption and data reliability.
   • Ensure the network provides measurable value to the customer (Metcalfe/Beckstrom).
   • Design a secure, scalable, and efficient system
   • Choose protocols (MQTT, CoAP, AMQP), cloud/edge/fog strategies.

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