Reciprocal Determinism

Reciprocal Determinism

1. Albert Bandura

   • Events are not completely out of one's control; not inevitable results but probabilistic based on the individual's behaviour
   • Humanism
     • Individuals are capable of changing the outcome of their own lives
     • Human lives are not in isolation
   • believed in the importance of chance

2. Your view on a situation affects your behaviour in the environment that in turn, produces the situation you were originally anticipating (Pajares, Usher)

3. Triadic reciprocality

   • Personal Factors
     • Self-efficacy
       • The ability to believe in yourself and the things that you are capable of doing
       • maximize predictive utility (you will be able to do something and believe that you can, therefore productivity increases)
       • different from outcome expectations
       • affects how much effort you put into the activity and emotional reactions
     • Knowledge
       • setting goals, understanding how to achieve them
   • Behavioural
     • Any successes and failures may affect you
       • people who were told they are good at something are more likely to develop high self-efficacy(Bandura, 1991)
       • results in the individual actually getting better at the task
     • Include health seeking and risk seeking behaviours
     • Self-regulation
       • self-imposed achievement standards; change with experience
       • Contingency rules: what is appropriate in a given situation
       • the value of the future goal
   • Environmental
     • social situations and how people around you act
       • the level of challenge in your environment
     • Societal values
     • Feedback
       • how well/quickly the environment will respond to your actions
     • you cannot separate the environment from the person
   • Education can be modified to include all three factors

4. Applications to Life

   • Physical Education
     • Predictor of routine adoption
     • Self-efficacy can both be a predictor and a consequence
     • increases a perception of control
       • influences the release of catecholamine and reduces stress
   • Alcohol use in college students
     • Relationship between positive alcohol expectancy (PAE), societal norms, and quantity
   • Hobbies
     • Your hobby and enjoyment of literature and reading (self/cognition) will lead you to join a book club (environment) and make new friends who share the same interest as you (behavior).
     • You enjoy playing soccer (cognition), this will cause you to tryout and join the school's soccer team (enviornment), and it will cause you to become close to your teammates since you are required to spend 2-3 hours a day with them (behavior)
   • Relationships
     • people who are highly anxious about rejection tend to act in ways that result in rejection
       • "self-fulfilling prophecy"

5. Walter Mischel

   • 1. Individual Interprets a situation
     • 2. Perception influences behaviour
       • 3. Behaviour changes the environment
         • 4. Environment shapes interpretation