Chapter 1: Introduction

Chapter 1: Introduction

1. What Operating Systems Do

   • Execute user programs
   • Make computer system convenient
   • Use hardware efficient manner

2. Computer-System Organization

3. Computer-System Architecture

   • Hardware
   • Operating system
   • Application programs
   • Users

4. Operating-System Structure

   • I/O Structure
     • System call
     • Device-status table
   • Storage Structure
     • Main memory
       • Random access
       • volatile
     • Secondary storage
       • nonvolatile
     • Hard disks
       • tracks
       • sectors
       • disk controller
     • Solid-state disks
     • Storage Hierarchy
       • Speed
       • Cost
       • Volatility
     • Caching
     • Device Driver
     • Direct Memory Access Structure
   • Multiprogramming (Batch system
   • Timesharing (multitasking)

5. Operating-System Operations

   • interrupt
     • polling
     • vectored
     • Hardware interrupt
     • Software interrupt
   • interrupt vector
   • trap
   • Dual-mode
     • User mode
     • Mode bit

6. Process Management

   • program counter
   • Creating and deleting Process
   • Suspending and resuming processes
   • process synchronization
   • process communication
   • deadlock handling

7. Memory Management

   • Keeping track parts memory
   • Allocating and deallocating Memory

8. Storage Management

   • Creating and deleting files
   • Primitives to manipulate files
   • Mapping files
   • Backup files

9. Protection and Security

   • user IDs
   • group ID
   • Privilege escalation

10. Kernel Data Structures

    • Singly linked list
    • Doubly linked list
    • Circular linked list
    • Binary search tree
    • Hash function
    • Bitmap

11. Computing Environments

    • Traditional
      • Portals
      • Network computers
    • Mobile
    • Distributed
      • Local Area Network
      • Wide Area Network
      • Metropolitan Area Network
      • Personal Area Network
      • Network Operating System
    • Client-Server
      • Compute-server system
      • File-server system
    • Peer-to-Peer
    • Virtualization
    • Cloud Computing
      • Public cloud
      • Private cloud
      • Hybrid cloud
      • Software as a Service
      • Platform as a Service
      • Infrastructure as a Service
    • Real-Time Embedded Systems

12. Open-Source Operating Systems

13. What is an Operating System

    • program that acts as an intermediary between a user of a computer and the computer hardware
    • resource allocator
    • control program
    • kernel
    • Computer Startup
      • bootstrap program
      • firmware

14. Computer-System Architecture

    • Multiprocessors
      • Asymmetric Multiprocessing
      • Symmetric Multiprocessing
    • multicore
    • Clustered Systems
      • Asymmetric clustering
      • Symmetric clustering

15. Mass-Storage Management

    • Free-space management
    • Storage allocation
    • Disk scheduling

16. I/O Subsystem

    • General device-driver interface
    • Drivers for specific hardware devices
    • Memory management of I/O

17. Open-Source Operating Systems

    • copy protection
    • Digital Rights Management