Particles

Particles

1. Fundamental Forces

   • Strong
     • between PROTONS and NEUTRONS
     • Gluon
     • 10^-15 m
     • Keeps many nuclei in stable state
   • Weak
     • Intermediate Vector Boson ( W+,W-,Z0 )
     • BETA DECAY
     • 10^-17 m
   • Electromagnetic
     • Attraction & Repulsion of charge
     • Photons
     • Unlimited
   • Gravity
     • Attraction between two masses
     • Higgs Boson
     • Unlimited

2. Fundamental Particles

   • Quarks
     • Up/Down
     • Strange/Charm
     • Top/Bottom
   • Leptons
     • Electron
     • Electron neutrino
     • Muon
     • Muon neutrino
     • Tau
     • Tau neutrino
   • Bosons
     • W+
     • W-
     • Z0
     • Photon
     • Gluon
     • Higgs

3. Isotopes

   • The same element with same proton number but different neutron number

4. Relative Atomic Mass

   • Mass of atom/ one twelfth mass of C12 atom

5. Specific Charge

   • Charge or a particle/mass of particle

6. Decay

   • Alpha
     • helium nuclei
       • 2n, 2p
     • proton number reduces by 2, nucleon by 4
   • Beta minus
     • electron
     • -1 relative charge
     • proton number increases by 1, nucleon =
   • Beta plus
     • positron
     • proton number down one, nucleon number =
     • +1 relative charge

7. Pair Creation/ Annihilation

   • Annihilation
     • When a particle meets its antiparticle
     • mass => energy of 2/3 photons
     • Electrostatic attraction
   • Creation
     • photon energy => e+ and e-
     • momentum conserved
     • move in curves in magnetic field
       • high V = large radius
       • low V = small radius
     • Bubble chamber

8. Sub-sub-atomic particles

   • Baryons
     • 3 quarks
     • proton/neutron
   • Mesons
     • quark + antiquark
     • Kaons, Pions

9. Conservation laws

   • Charge before and after is ALWAYS conserved
   • Baryon no. before and after is ALWAYS conserved
   • Lepton no. before and after is ALWAYS conserved
   • Strangeness
     • ALWAYS conserved when interacting through strong nuclear force
     • Strange particles produced in pairs by strong interaction
     • CHANGE in strangeness occurs in weak nuclear force