Particles & Radiation

Particles & Radiation

1. Inside The atom

   • Proton
     • Charge = 1.6x10^-19 C
     • Mass = 1.67x10^-27 Kg
     • Quark Structure = UUD
     • Hadron - Baryon
   • Neutron
     • Charge = 0 C
     • Mass = 1.67x10^-27 Kg
     • Quark Structure = UDD
     • Hadron - Baryon
   • Electron
     • Charge = -1.6x10^-19 C
     • Mass = 9.11x10^-31 Kg
     • Lepton = Fundamental
   • Nuclide Notation
     • Proton/Atomic Number = Number of Protons
     • Nucleon Number = Number of Protons + Neutrons
     • Isotopes = Same number of Protons, Different Number of Neutrons
     • Specific Charge
       • Charge/Mass
         • CKg^-1

2. Stable & Unstable Nuclei

   • Strong Nuclear Force
     • Acts between All Nucelons
     • Repulsive @ 0.5Fm
     • Attractive Between 0.5-3Fm
     • No Effect Beyond 3Fm
     • Only Felt by Hadrons
   • Nuclear Decay
     • Alpha Decay
       • When Atom is Too Big
     • Beta Decay
       • Occurs When Atom is "Neutron Rich"
       • Neutron Changes Into A Proton + Electron + Antineutrino
     • Positron Decay
       • Occurs When Atom is "Neutron Poor"
       • Proton Changes Into A Neutron + Positron + Neutrino

3. Antipartcles & Photons

   • Photons
     • Energy Of A Photon Is Dependent On It's Frequency
     • E=hf
     • E=hc/λ
   • Antipartcles
     • For Every Particle, There Is A Corresponding Antiparticle
       • Same Mass & Rest Energies, Opposite Quantum Numbers (Baryon/Lepton) & Opposite Charges
       • Examples
         • Proton = Antiproton
         • Neutron = Antineutron
         • Electron = Positron
         • Neutrino = Antineutrino
   • Particle Interactions
     • Pair Production
       • 1) 2 Particles Collide At A High Speed To Produce A Particle-Antiparticle Pair
         • Minimum Energy Needed = 2x Rest Energy of Particle Type Produced
       • 2) A Photon Interacts With A Nucleus Of An Atom & Produces A Particle - Antiparticle Pair
     • Annihilation
       • Particle Collides With Antiparticle & Two High Energy Photons Are Produced
         • Minimum Energy Of Photon Produced = Rest Energy Of Particle Type Annihilated

4. Classification Of Particles + Quarks

   • Hadrons
     • Baryons
       • Made Up Of Three Quarks
       • Most Stable = Proton
       • Baryon Number = 1 (Antibaryons = -1)
       • Examples
         • Protons (UUD)
         • Neutrons (UDD)
     • Mesons
       • Quark - Antiquark Pair
       • Baryon Number = 0
       • Examples
         • Pions
           • Pi+ (U|d|)
           • Pi0 (U|u|), (D|d|)
           • Pi- (D|u|)
         • Kaons
           • K+ (U|s|)
           • K0 (D|s|), (S|d|)
           • K- (S|u|)
     • Can Feel The SNF
     • Made Up Of Quarks
   • Leptons
     • Fundamental
     • Lepton Number = 1 (Antileptons = -1)
     • Examples
       • Electron (C = -1)
       • Neutrino (C=0)
       • Muon (C = -1)

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