Memory :learning that persists

Memory :learning that persists

1. measuring retention

   • recall:retrieve information previously learned and unconsciously stored
   • recognition: identify stimuli in stored information
   • relearning: measure of how less is time from relearning information

2. how memory works ?

   • encoding: info stored into brain
     • storage: info is held & retrievable
       • Retrieval: recalling info

3. memory formation model

   • Atkinson-shiffrin (1968)
     • sensory memory: recorded by our senses
       • short-term memory: limited easily lost
         • echoic memory: auditory stimuli, 4-3s recalled
         • george miller (5-9 letters)
       • long-term: permanent limitless
     • working memory: more going on in short-term
       • auditory rehearsal
       • executive function
       • visospatial "sketchpad"
     • automatic processing: info from sensory to long-term
       • implicit memory: skills "bike, smell, space, time, frequency"
   • effortful processing: requires attention & conscious effort
     • explicit memory: facts we know & recall "math prob"
     • strategies
       • chunking: grouping
       • Mnemonics: connecting info to existing memory
         • peg word system: technique of visually associating words with existing list already memorised
       • hierarchies/ categories
       • rehearsal

4. Retrieval

   • priming: activation of memory association
   • context-dependent
   • state-dependent
     • mood-congruent memory: tendency to recall depending on mood
   • serial position effect: tendency to remember first &last item in list

5. forgetting

   • brain damage (amnesia)
     • retrograde: inability to retrieve
     • anterograde: inability to form
   • encoding failure: lost after short-term
   • storage decay: unused info will be lost
   • Retrieval failure (tip of tongue): associations decay not memory
     • interference
       • positive transfer: old info make netinfo easier
       • proactive interference: past info interferes with learning info
     • motivated forgetting
       • repress"frued": hide memories from conscious awareness.

6. errors

   • misinformation"imagination" effect: misleading info corrupts memory
   • source amnesia: false childhood memories
   • deja vu:

7. improving memory

   • examples
   • test yourself
   • study sessions
   • sleep more
   • mnemonics devices