Operating System

Operating System

1. File Management

   • Creates a hierarchy of directory
     • ----->

2. HardWare Management.

   • manages peripherals - opens, closes and writes to peripheral devices such as storage attached to the computer
     • manages memory - transfers programs into and out of memory, allocates free space between programs, and keeps track of memory usage

3. Drivers

   • software that is used with the OS to control the device

4. User Management

   • Graphical user interface (GUI) The OS on most computers and smartphones provides an environment with tiles, icons and/or menus. This type of interface is called the graphical user interface (GUI) because the user interacts with images through a mouse, keyboard or touchscreen.
     • Command line interface (CLI) An OS also provides a method of interaction that is non-graphical, called the command line interface (CLI). This is a text-only service with feedback from the OS appearing in text. Using a CLI requires knowledge of the commands available on a particular machine.

5. Process Management

   • manages the CPU - runs applications and executes and cancels processes
   • multi-tasks - allows multiple applications to run at the same time

6. Utilities The OS uses applications called utilities which allow the user to manage the computer. There are many different utility programs and they may vary across operating systems. They are often accessed via a special menu or control panel in the OS.

   • Maintenance utilities These include: Backup - This allows the user to restore the system to a previous state which is saved as a backup. This is only usually used if a system malfunctions. Disk cleaner - The storage drive is divided into a number of clusters. The table of contents serves as an address book, keeping a record of each file and the clusters used to store that file. When a file is deleted, the address to the location on the disk is removed. Disk defragmentation - When files are deleted, unused clusters become available for reuse. These can end up being distributed across a drive, especially if the original files were small. If a large file is then written to a drive, its data could be spread across different clusters leading to file fragmentation. Defragmentation involves rearranging the information on a disk so that files appear in continuous sequences of clusters. This will improve file access times. Most modern operating systems run this process automatically. Form

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