Principles of Evolution (4)

Principles of Evolution (4)

1. 4. Fitness: "The ability of one genotype to reproduce relative to other genoypes in a particular environment" (Freberg & Cacioppo, 2016)

   • Rg: "The recessive sikle-cell trait has low fitness in general because it can produce disease, but because the trait protects the individual from malaria, it has higher fitness in populations living where malaria is common." (Cacioppo & Freberg, 2018)

2. 1. Mutation:" Errors that occur when DNA is replicated" (Freberg & Cacioppo, 2016)

   • Eg: Sickle-cell Anemia, this is when a hemoglobin mutation causes red blood cells to take on a curved shape causing the illness. This illness causes episodes of pain, serious swelling of hands and feets or frequent infections

3. 2. Migration: "The movement from one geographical location to another" (Freberg & Cacioppo, 2016)

   • Eg: Amongst humans migration occurs when one changes their residence permanently. Many South Africans opt to emigrate to the US (Anderson, 2017).

4. 3. Genetic Drift: "Genetic change from one generation to the next by chance or accident" (Freberg & Cacioppo, 2016)

   • Eg: Genetic drift is closely related to a bottleneck and much of Japans population was killed due to the Hiroshima bombing

5. 5. Natrual Selection: "The freuency of a trait in a population that is determined by the survival and reproductive success of the organism with the trait" (Cacioppo & Freberg, 2016)

   • Eg: Antibiotic resistnace is an example o f natural selection due to the patheogentic bacteria that becomes resistnt to treatment (Khan Academy, 2018)

6. 6. Adaptation: "Evolutionary changes whereby a population becomes better suited to its environment" (Cacioppo & Freberg, 2016)