Research Paradigms and Methods.

Research Paradigms and Methods.

1. QUALITATIVE.

   • QUANTITATIVE.
   • MIXED RESEARCH.
     • ETNOGRAPHY.
       • ETHNOLOGY.
         • Is the comparative study of cultural groups. it involves conducting or comparing a series of separate ethnographic studies of the same or different cultural groups to uncover general patterns and rules of social behavior.
       • ETHNOHISTORY.
         • the study of the cultural past of a group of people.
       • THE EMIC PERSPECTIVE.
         • the insider's perspective.
       • THE ETIC PERSPECTIVE.
         • an external, social scientific view of reality.
       • GOING NATIVE
         • identifiying so completely with the group beign studied that you can no longer remain objective.
       • HOLISM.
         • the ides that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
       • CULTURE.
         • MACROCULTURE.
           • study the cultural characteristics as shared beliefs, norms, shared values.
         • MICROCULTURE.
           • studied in smaller groups .
         • Is a system of shared beliefs, values, perspectives, folk knowledge, language, norms, rituals, material objects and artifacts that members of a group use in understanding their world an in relating to others.
           • shared beliefs: the specific cultural conventions or statements that people who share a culture hold to be true or false.
           • shared values: the culturally defines standarts about what is good or bad or undesirable.,
           • norms: the written and unwritten rules that specify appropiate group behavior.
         • SUBCULTURE?
       • EDUCATIONAL ETHNOGRAPHY.
         • a researcher might choose to study a classroom culture.
         • ethnographic concepts as shared beliefs, values and norms with the procedures wil be very useful in understanding a classroom.
         • should be a relatively comprehensive description of the group's culture and the important cultural scenes.
       • data collection.
         • extenden field works.
           • researcher becomes a participant or nonparticipant observer.
             • talk to people, observe their behavior in their natural day to day environments.
       • ETNOCENTRISM
         • Judging people from a different culture according to the standards of your own culture.

2. JOHNSON CHRISTENSEN (2004)

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