GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES

GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES

1. If one verb follows another, the second one is always either an -ing form or an infinitive, with or without to. The form of the second verb depends on the first verb.

2. Verb + to infinitive

   • (can/can't) afford, agree, aim, appear, arrange, attempt, choose, decide, demand, deserve, fail, hope, learn, manage, neglect, offer, omit, plan, prepare, pretend, refuse, seem, tend, threaten, (can't) wait
     • If you decide to add nuts, it will have nuts flavour.
     • I hope to go to the concert
     • Notice how the negative is formed
       • If you plan not to go to the school, you will go to the doctor
   • advise, allow, encourage, forbid, force, invite, order, permit, persuade, remind, teach, tell, warn.
     • Those verbs + to infinitive always have an object before the to infinitive
       • His father taught him to drive.
       • The school allows students to use uniform
     • advise, allow, encourage, forbid and permit can also be followed by -ing when there is no object
       • I advise you to add vanilla. or I advise adding vanilla.
   • ask, beg, expect, help, intend, promise, want.
     • Those verbs + to infinitive sometimes have an object
       • He asked the teacher to go to the bathroom. or He asked to go to the bathroom.
   • Would like, would love, would prefer, etc. are also followed by the to infinitive

3. Verb + infinitive without to

   • Modal verbs (can, could, may, might, must, needn't, shall, should, will, would), had better and would rather are followed by the infinitive without to
     • You should cut the bread in slices
     • You needn't include basil
   • Help can be followed by the infinitive with or withou to
     • He help me (to) push my car
   • Make and let (always with an object) are followed by the infinitive without to
     • Let the cupcakes cool for an hour
     • My mom made Dany take out the garbage (= She forced or obliged her to do it)

4. Verb + -ing

   • admit, avoid, can't face, can't help, can't stand, carry on, conside, delay, deny, detest, dislike, enjoy, fancy, feel like, finish, give up, imagine, involve, keep (on), mention, (not) mind, miss, postpone, practise, put off, recommend, risk, resist, suggest
     • Sierra enjoy playing soccer
     • Notice how the negative is formed
       • Can you imagine not going to school today?
     • Cameron imagine building his house

5. Verb + to infinitive or -ing (with no difference in meannig)

   • begin, can't bear, continue, hate, dislike, like, love, prefer, propose, starrt
     • Like, prefer, hate and love can be followed by the to infinitive or -ing, but would like, would prefer, would hate and would love are always followed by the to infinitive
       • She would like to go out with her friends but he would prefer to rest in her house.
     • Two -ing forms don't usually follow eah other
       • I was loving to do the homework when I graduated
     • Like + to infinitive has a slightly different meaning from like + -ing
       • I like to take notes (= it's a nice thing to do or it's a habit, but not necessarily something I enjoy)
       • I like singing

6. Verb+ to infinitive or -ing (with a difference in meaning)

   • Remember, forget, regret, try, stop, mean, go on
     • Those verbs have two different meanings depending on the verb form that follows
       • Verb + to infinitive
         • Fred stopped to smoke (=he was walking but he stopped to do it)
       • Verb + -ing
         • Fred stopped smoking. (= he doesn't do it more)

7. Verb + -ing or infinitive without to (with a difference in meaning)

   • These verbs connected with the senses may be followed by an object and either -ing or the infinitive without to: feel, hear, notice, see ,watch.
     • Notice the difference in meaning between verb + -ing and verb + infinitive without to
       • Verb + -ing
         • Jay watched Paulino win by one point. (= a short completed action)
       • Verb + infinitive [without to]
         • Alex watched Pablo playing volleyball (= an activity continuing over a period of time)

8. Verb + that clause

   • These verbs can also normally be followed by that clause with the same meaning:
     • Agree, Arrange, Decide, Demand, Hope, Pretend, Advise, Persuade, Remind, Teach, Tell, Warn, Expect, Intend, Promise, Admit, Consider, Deny, Imagine, Mention, Recommend, Suggest, Propose, Remember, Forget and Regret
       • She suggested reading that book= She suggested (that) you read that book.
       • Adam proposed marring with him on November= Adam proposed (that) she marry with him on November
       • Cindy imagines traveling in a rocket to Saturn= Cindy imagines (that) she travel in a rocket to Saturn
       • Mandy persuades entering to the house= Mandy persuades (that) you enter to the house

Bilder und Dateien der Mindmap