Thinking and Intelligence

Thinking and Intelligence

1. Thought

   • Conscious
     • Subconscious process
       • eg riding a bike
     • Nonconscious process
       • eg an idea
   • Element of Cognition
     • concept
       • What is X
       • E.g. apple
     • proposition
       • X is ...(eg smart, smelly)
       • e.g. apple is sweet
     • Mental image
       • image of X
       • e.g. image of an apple
     • schema
       • everything you know about X
       • e.g. apple is a fruit, healthy etc.

2. Rational Reasoning

   • Barriers to reason rationally
     • Confirmation Bias
       • only see what you believe
       • Ignore what is against
     • Mental set
       • Apply same solution to different problems
       • e.g. same equation to different maths problem
       • problem: what if it is a different types of problem?
     • Nine dot puzzle
       • limit our thinking
     • Hindsight Bias
       • Why can't you predict: Travel with herds
       • Overestimate your power in predicting event
         • When the event is known already
   • Cognitive Dissonance
     • more effect in justification, more commitment
       • Justify why can you stand that/do that
   • Formal logic
     • Deductive reasoning
       • General apply to specific
     • Inductive reasoning
       • one case -> many cases -> generalization
   • Informal logic
     • Dialectical reasoning
       • weighting pro & con ( 2 sides)
     • Heuristic
       • Availability Heuristic
         • decide by how easy you can think of an example
       • mental shortcut
       • Quick
       • easy to be wrong
       • Representativeness Heuristic
         • Based on given fact

3. Intelligence

   • learn from experience
   • G factor
     • general intelligence
   • Sternberg's Triarchic theory
     • Components
       • comparing
       • How well you analyise things
       • Evaluating
     • Experiential
       • come up with new idea
       • adopt to new place
     • Contextual
       • using everything things
       • get out of dangerous place
   • How to measure Intelligence
     • Psychometric
       • IQ
       • distributed normally
     • Cognitive approach
       • Metacognition
         • Have self awareness of what you thinking
       • Tacit Knowledge
         • Know things by observing others

4. Origin of intelligence

   • Genes
     • Large proportion
     • Evidence
       • Sibling IQ
   • Environment
   • Attitude
     • Between countries
       • USA
         • value sport
       • Asian
         • value education
   • Motivation
   • reduced IQ
     • Poor Prenatal care
     • Malnutrition
     • Exposure to toxin
     • Stressful family circumstances
   • Raise IQ
     • Healthy environment to grow up

5. Animal intelligance

   • Cognitive Ethology
     • Use number
     • cooperate with other animal
   • Language
     • can be taught (human language)
       • Not as bright as human
     • Has its own language
   • What ppl think
     • Anthropomorphism
       • human quality project to animal
     • nthropocentrism
       • nth common between human and animal