Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifiers

1. Uses

   • Differentiators
   • AD/DA Converters
   • Comparators
   • Filters
   • Integrators

2. Construction

   • Integrated Circuit (IC)
     • 2 input pins
       • non-inverting (+)
       • inverting (-)
     • 1 output pin
     • 2 supply pins
     • 2 offset regulation pins

3. Benefits

   • Low cost
   • High-performance
   • Versatile

4. Differential amplifier with high-gain

5. Electronic feautures

   • High input impedance
   • Low output impedance
   • High open-loop gain

6. History

   • "operational" amplifier
     • Basic mathematical operations in analog computers
   • Harry Black
     • 1930
     • Negative feedback as solution for telefone lines
   • First patent
     • Bell Labs
     • 1941
   • US Army
     • M9 artillery director
       • Calculations for gun crews to hit a moving target