Psychology-Unit 2

Psychology-Unit 2

1. Learning

   • change in behaviour due to exprience
   • classical conditioning
     • unconditioned- something is naturally learned
     • conditioned- something that has been learnt
     • UCS- stimulus
     • UCR- response
     • NS- neutral/no response
     • CR-controlled response
     • CS- controlled stimulus
     • Conditioned response dies out-extinction
     • Suddenly reappears Spontaneous recovery
     • CR is produced when a similar stimulus is used- generalisation
     • only produced when specific stimulus produced- Discrimination
     • watson and rayner 1920- little albert
       • A- emotional response-conditioned?
       • M- 11monthold liked white rat when he went to touch rat loud noise made.
       • R-after several trials when rat shown albert cried but no noise was made
       • C- fear responses can be learnt
   • Operant Conditioning
     • learning due to consequences- positive or negative reinforcement or punishment
       • unpleasant consequence weakens behaviour=PUNISHMENT
       • recieving a pleasant consequence= POS REINFORCEMENT
       • removing unpleasant consequence= NEG REINFORCEMENT
       • Reinforcement= pleasant consequence that strengthens beahviour
     • B.F Skinner
       • rat in a box-electric shocks until lever pressed to stop= -reinforcement
       • rat in a box lever pressed food produced= +reinforcement
       • law of effect=behaviour followed by rewards repeated. behaviour punished isn't repeated
     • BEHAVIOUR SHAPING = changing behaviour in small steps
   • Phobias
     • irrational fear
     • TREATMENTS
       • Flooding= locked in room with phobia until calm
         • breaks code of ethics= harmful, right to withdraw
       • systematic desensitation= small steps gradually
         • takes long time and isn't permanent
   • Aversion Therapy
     • treatment for addicts makes addict have NEG reaction to addictive substance
   • Token economy programmes
     • Primary Reinforcer= reward needed to survive(food,water)
     • secondary reinforcer= reward exchange for PR (money,token)

2. SOCIAL INFLUENCE

   • effect others have on our behaviour
   • CONFORMITY=change in a persons behaviour/opinions bc of group pressure
   • Sherif 1935 A-discover judgement after listening to others M-particIpants asked 2 estimate how far a spot of light moved-light didnt move at all but appeared to R-1 by 1 participants gave lots if diff answers but when in groups of 3 all answers similar C-people use other peoples opinions to form their own judgement.
     • lacked ecological validity=lab setting
     • ASCH same experiment but with lines judging which match a different line but had confederates giving wrong answers
   • OBEDIENCE= following orders of some1 in authority
     • MILGRAM (1963)- shocker experiment = 40 males volunteered
   • HOFLING ET AL. 22 nurses see if people would follow unreasonable order in work environment
   • BICKMAN- actor dressed as security guard and casual jacket asked people to pick up litter
   • SOCIALISM- way we raised to behave+taught to be normal
   • deindividuation=losing sense of individuality+becoming less aware of our responsibility of actions
     • ZIMBARDO- parked car in city and small town C=big city increases antisocial behaviour
       • lacks mundane realism
     • ZIMBARDO- female pp wear mask and then wear name tag shocks given higher when pp wearing a mask C=hiding identity people behave crueller eg higher shocks
   • SOCIAL LOAFING
     • putting less effort into something when with other doing same thing eg group work
     • LATENE ET AL.- 84 pp clap+shout as loud as they can when alone they do when in a group not as much A-see if being groups lessens the work or noise
     • EARLEY= A-see if culture changed anything people from US and china perform tasks alone+ in groups americans made less noise in groups chinese did not. SL not in all cultures
   • LATENE AND DARLEY= SMOKE POURING INTO ROOM
   • BYSTANDER INTERVENTION
     • CASE STUDY= KITTY GENOVESE murdered people heard but assumed others would do something so did nothing
     • bystander apathy- doing nothing in emergency
     • altruism helping some1 without thinking of dangers to yourself first
     • BASTESON ET AL. watched female confederate get 'electric shocks' pp made to think women alike or not alike them if she was alike them pp are more likely to help
     • SCHROEDER ET AL. C= believe some1 else will help victim if others are present studied other experiments findings+ conclusions

3. SEX AND GENDER

   • FREUD
     • PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY
       • thoughts and feelings that are in our unconcious these drive our behaviour
       • stages of development-STAGE 3 PHALLIC STAGE
         • unconcious desire of opposite-sex parent+jealous of same-sex parent
           • child behaves like same-sex parent=IDENTIFICATION
       • OEDIPUS COMPLEX- boy attracted to his mum jealous of dad scared dad will castrate him ofr his feelings gives up on feelings for mum + identifies with dad adopts a masculine gender
       • ELECTRA COMPLEX- girl attracted to dad jealous of mum girl thinks already castrated fear of losing mum;'s love identifies with mum adopts feminine gender
         • penis envy
       • CARL CASE STUDY=8yearold boy has feminine voice ta;lks dresses,makeup+babies plays house with sisters pretends to be ill/injured when boys wanna play lives with mum doesnt have a stable father figure in his life
         • Gender disturbance=dont develop gender to match sex
           • REKERS+MORAY- relationship between gender disturbance+family background. BOYS who dont have father figure in their life more likely to develp gender disturbance
   • sex identity= hormones+chromosomes cant be changed
   • gender idnetity= attitudes+behaviours can be changed
   • female=xx
   • male=xy