ECOLOGY 10 | CONCEPT MAP

ECOLOGY 10 | CONCEPT MAP

1. Biome: A region with similar biotic and abiotic components. (Example: A tundra biome)

   • Ecosystem: A part of a biome where abiotic components interact with biotic components (Example: A pond contains fish and water, both interacting together)
     • Biotic: A living organisim (Example: Birds, bears, and fungi)
       • Individual: One organism
         • Limiting factors: A resource or environmental condition limiting the growth or population of an organism(s).
           • Natural Selection: Where organisms are better adapted to their environment, through environmental pressure, reproduction, or variation. (Example: The Snowy Grey Owl structurally adapted to camoflauge the snowy environment that it lived in)
           • The biggest limiting factors is . . .
           • Limiting factors affect individuals
           • Limiting factors affect populations
         • Producer: A plant that can produce its own nutrients
           • Consumer: A consumer is an organism that eats other organisms (usually producers). (Example: Wolves)
             • Decomposer: A decomposer converts dead organic matter into useable nutrients available to other organisms. (Example bacteria and fungi)
             • A consumer can also be a food source for another organism, such as . . .
           • How do producers create their own food? With . . .
             • Photosynthesis: Carbon dioxide (CO2) enters the leaves of plants and reacts to the water with sunlight to produce carbohydrates and oxygen. The equation for photosynthesis is: Energy -> 6C02 + C6H12O6+ 602 (glucose)
       • Population: All the members of a particular species within an ecosystem (Example; The frog population)
         • Keystone species: A species that can greatly affect population numbers and the health of an ecosystem. (Example: Salmon serve as a food source for eagles, wolves, and bears, as well as helping provide nutrients to the soil and trees with their dead carcass).
           • Another vital part of an ecosystem is . . .
           • A keystone species can affect a community in a large way
         • Pioneer Species: The first species to arrive to an area originally devoid of plant and land. (Example: Simple plants as algae, moss, and lichen can easily grow in different environments, such as sand).
           • Just like primary succession, pioneer species were the first to arrive in an area
       • Community: All the populations that interact in a specific area or ecosystem
         • Competiton: A harmful interaction between two or more organisms fighting for the same resource. (For example, two organisms may fight for food). This is also a symbiotic relationship.
         • Symbiotic relationships: An interaction between two or more organisms
           • Mutualism: A symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit each other. (Example: The oxpecker gets flies and food, while the zebra is kept clean from the flies)
           • Parasitism: A symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits, and the other is harmed. (Example: A tapeworm living in a host. The tapeworm gains, eating nutrients - while the host is harmed.)
           • Commensalism: A symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and the other is neither helped or harmed. (Example: Clownfish live in the sea anemones, protecting them from predators)
           • A Competition is also a harmful relationship between two or more organisms.
             • Similar to parasitism
         • Energy flow: The flow of energy from one organism to another
           • Energy Pyramid: A graphical model of energy flow in a community
             • Energy is transferred from one individual to another
             • Cellular Respiration: The process where both plants and animals release CO2 back into the atmosphere by converting carbs and oxygen into C02 and H20
           • Energy is transferred from producers to consumers
         • In a community, there are always . . .
     • Abiotic: A non living component (Example: Weather, temperature, and climate)
       • Bio accumulation: The gradual buildup of organic and synthetic chemicals in living organisms. (Example: PCBs can harm organisms if consumed over a period of time by causing cancer, etc)
       • Bio magnification: The process where organic and synthetic chemicals build up more and more as each trophic level increases. (Example: If DDT is consumed by each organism in a food chain, the tertiary consumer in a food chain will be consuming the most DDT)
         • Bio remediation: The use of (micro)organisms to break down chemical pollutants to reverse or lessen environmental damage. (Example: Alfalfa is used to help absorb hazardous wastes in soil)
         • In order to fix this there is . . .
     • Primary Succession: Takes place in an area originally void of life and sparse in nutrients. Over a period of time, organisms will increase the biodiversity. (Example: Surtsey Island gradually grew plant life and animal life in the 1960s).
       • Secondary Succession: The re-construction of life after a disturbance to an area that already had existing living organisms (Example: A forest re-growing after an intense forest fire)
         • Climax Community: A climax community is a community already matured, continually changing over time. (Example, boreal forest, temperate rainforest, or grassland)
           • A climax community = biome
         • Once all of this has been completed, you end up with a climax community . . .
       • The first step to growing an ecosystem is . . .
       • After primary succession, secondary succession occurs . . .
     • Food web: A model of feeding relationships within an ecosystem formed in interconnected food chains
       • Trophic levels: A trophic level shows how energy is passed throughout a food chain + web.
         • Similar to . . .
       • Food webs contain biotic factors . . .
   • Main part of a biome is . . .

2. Nutrient cycles: The way nutrients are cycled in the biosphere and the continuous exchange of nutrients in and out of stores

   • Stores: Nutrients accumulated for short or longer periods of time in Earth's oceans, atmosphere, and land masses. (Example: Carbon is stored in the deep ocean)
     • Short term: Top layers of the ocean, coal deposits, and fossil fuels
     • Long term:Marine sediments, the deep ocean, and sedimentary rook
   • Both biomagnificaion and nutrients are cycled throughout trophic levels
   • Carbon cycle: The carbon cycle is essential to life, and is cycled and stored in the ecosystem in many different ways. Animals and plants contribute to carbon.
     • Producers (plants) and consumers (animals) contribute to carbon in the atmosphere
       • • Carbon is also cycled through ecosystems with photosynthesis
           • And cellular respiration!

3. Biosphere: The thin layer of water, land, or air where all living things on Earth exist

   • In the biosphere, there are . . .
   • Biosphere contains

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