C6: Making Useful Chemicals

C6: Making Useful Chemicals

1. Strong and Weak Acids

   • Acids can be Strong or Weak
     • Strong acids ionise completely in water and all of the acid molecules dissociate to relate H+ ions
     • Weak acids do not fully ionise in solution and only a small proportion of acid molecules dissociate to release H+ ions.

2. Reactions of Acids

   • Acid + Metal Hydroxide -> Salt + Water
     • HCl + NaOH -> NaCl + H2O (sodium chloride)
   • Acid + Metal -> Salt + Hydrogen
     • 2HCl + Mg -> MgCl2 + H2 (Magnesium Chloride)
   • Acid + Metal Carbonate -> Salt + Water + Carbon Dioxide
     • 2HCl + Na2CO3 -> 2NaCl + H2O + CO2 (Sodium Chloride)

3. Dynamic Equilibrium

   • Reversible Reactions
     • Reaction can go both ways

4. Rate of Reaction

   • Increasing Temperature
     • Increasing this makes the particles move faster, so they collide more frequently. Also, it increases the energy of the collisions.
   • Increasing Concentration
     • Means there are more particles of reactant in the same volume which makes collisions more likely.
   • Smaller Solid Particles
     • if one reactant is a solid, breaking it into smaller pieces will increase its surface area to volume ratio. The particles around it will have more area to work on, so the frequency of collisions will increase.
   • Catalysts
     • Speeds up the reaction by providing a different reaction pathway with a lower activation energy

5. Acids, Alkalis and pH

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