The steps of research process

The steps of research process

1. Step2: Department of the Research Question The research question should identify the research and area of interest . Which should also be complex ,concise and arguable . It should arise the reason for study .

   • The research question:At what age do men and women of South Africa start using cigarettes . What is the prevalent use by men and women of SA.

2. Step 1: Where the research area is identified and stated . It is important that the researcher studies about something he or she is most interested in. It shows concise description of changes needed to a condition as improvement (showing the gap between the present problem and desired objective)

   • The identified area of interest in the case study is the use of cigarette among high school learners in grades 10 to 12 in South Africa between the ages 11 to 17

3. Step3: Relevant Review Of the literature This involves writing down a brief summary. This is where the researcher learns more about the investigation. The process provides information on the problem area . It is useful for the researcher to know whether or not the topic has been researched before.

   • Studies have stated that prevalence of tobacco amongst the youth of SA ages 11 to 17 . The study also gives information on the prevalence of cigarette use amongst Africans mainly adults .

4. Step 6: Data analysis & interpretations The results are looked backed at and explanations given on how theoretical approaches are used to find these results.

   • In this study inferential statistics were put to use and tables where used to present the results acquired in the study .

5. Step 7: Discussion and report writing To whom and how will the data be presented in what form of structure. This requires reports which much be peer reviewed to ensure technical accuracy

   • The discussion of results acquired in the study was done in paragraph structure . Data was reported for any individuals interested in this study and it’s problem.

6. Step 4: Choice of the Theoretical approach Identifying which theoretical approach was used for the study between positivistic / post-positivistic , constructivist , or the post-colonial

   • The study given clearly shows that positivistic paradigm was used . The researcher was objective .

7. Step 5 : Choice of methodology and method of sampling Researcher established what type of methodology was used in the study referring to the type of paradigm used and also identifies the type of method which was used to collect data

   • The methodology used in this study was quantitative research. Method used to collect data was questionnaires. The participants were provided with the option of not participating and the researcher used cluster sampling method . This method is used when sampling frame is too difficult to develop ,often a collection of elements are used as a sampling unit in certain studies. The first sampling stage consists of all public schools where the second one consists of the systemic equal probability sampling