Honors Chemistry

Honors Chemistry

1. Unit One

   • Lesson 2
     • Chemistry in Society
       • Chemists study matter and its interaction
         • Examine how diff. types of matter interact
           • Study material see types of matter they are made of (elements
             • structure/shape of parts of materials (atoms & molecules
               • How material interacts with other forms of matter and under what condition those can occur
                 • Make new materials or products from various substances through chemical reactions
         • Chlorofluorocarbons- used as coolants in AC, fridges, propellant in spray cans.
           • F. Sherwood Rowland= CFC's react with ozone in upper atomosphere= creates a whole in the ozone layer
     • 5 Specialty Areas
       • Inorganic Chem
         • Studies compounds that DON'T contain carbon
           • 18th century studied nature of matter (mainly non carbon materials
             • Described elements, their properties, and what happened when elements reacted with each other
               • Antoine Lavoisier: Amount of matter was same before and after a chemical reaction
                 • Joseph Priestly: discovered Oxygen
                   • John Dalton: proposed theory that matter is made of atoms. developed early table of elements
       • Organic Chemistry
         • Studies compounds that DO contain carbon
       • Biochemistry
         • Studies compounds within living things
           • Friedrich Wohler= made first artificial O compound- Urea-from inorganic sodium cyanate.
             • Oil industry developed-- Chemists create new compounds.
               • Plastics/fuels from materials from oil, coal, and natural gas
                 • Used info/techniques of O chemists study carbon compounds in living things. understand reactions in body
                   • Create medicine, improve health
       • Phyisical Chemistry
         • Studies the phyiscs of chemistry
           • Includes aspects of energy & its interaction with matter
             • Study energies involved in chem reactions (thermodynamics), speed of reactions (kinetics), behavior of gasses, electricity in chem reactions (electrochemistry), reactions of radioactive materials (nuclear chem)
               • Josiah Gibbs= studied role of energy in chemical reactions
       • Analytical chemistry
         • Studies the physical and chemical properties of matter including composition and structure
           • 1912 Fritz Haber created process combined nitrogen from air with hydrogen at higher temp/pressure to make ammonia
             • Carl Bosch= created industrial scale to enable large amounts of ammonia cheaply and efficiently
               • Used as fertilizer
         • Investigate chemicals in substances, structure, physical/chemical properties
           • Drug tests, blood analysis, quality control methods
     • Lesson 3
       • Matter
         • Matter has mass and volume; energy is the ability to cause change
           • Energy= something that causes change
             • Ex. Thermal energy, light energy, and sound energy
             • Diff types of energy
               • Mechanical
               • radiant or light (electromagnetic)
               • sound energy
               • electrical
               • Chemical
             • often defined as the ability to do work
         • Exists in phases
           • Solid
             • Definite Shape-occupies definite amount of space or fixed volume
           • liquid
             • Not have definite shape but occupies fixed volume
           • gas
             • Expands to any size/shape
               • NO FIXED VOLUME
           • Plasma
             • Electrons are not attached to molecules like in gas
               • Electrons are free to move
                 • Makes up sun, lightning, found in neon and fluorescent lights
               • Free moving electrons so they can conduct electricity and can be controlled by electric charges.
         • Matter can change states
           • Changes accompanied by energy changes
             • State changes involve adding or absorbing energy
               • Adding or removing energy changes the movement of molecules and can change the state of matter
                 • Ice
                   • water molecules weakly attracted to each other, held in crystalline structure
                     • the molecules don't have much energy so they only vibrate not move.
                       • Ice heated= thermal energy=molecules vibrate faster=breaks attractions=ice melts into a liquid
                         • Liquid heated=molecules move faster=liquid boils=added heat energy= water molecules break free= escape as vapor (gas_

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