Huldrych Zwingli

Huldrych Zwingli

1. CONTEXT

   • Origins of Ref
     • Social & Economic Problems
       • PLAGUE & BLACK DEATH
         • Mid 14th cen = overpopulated / underfed [75-80mil]
         • Bad harvests — famine = catastrophic 30-40% wiped out 10 years >> Tested Faith [purgatory]
       • TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGES
         • 1457. Johannes Gutenberg invented PRINTING PRESS — books only by copyist, production slow & expensive
         • Urban phenomenon — shift agricultural >> 16th cen 20% pop Germany lived towns [Cologne 40,000]
         • Revolutionised books = 1460-1500 more books produced than whole history beforehand
     • Religious Crisis
       • ANTI-CLERICALISM
         • Clergy = extravagant lifestyle >< vow of poverty | marrying & children >< vow to remain alone
         • Pope Alexander VI [1492-1503] made cardinal by uncle, selling church offices to family >> bribery
   • Humanism
     • ERASMUS
       • Leading humanist scholar 16th Cen. >> never became Protestant
       • Early 16th cen = 30% all published Erasmus’ writings
       • The New Testament 1516 — used most ancient manuscripts, opened doors of teaching = scrutiny >< original vs vulgate
     • The Donation of Constantine [ancient doc] = promised power to Bishop of Rome >> Lorenzo Valla forgery
     • ‘Ad Fontes’ = back to sources >> Diarmaid MacCulloch ‘the best definition of a humanist is an editor of text’
     • Education = Key >> return to original sources, not copies & corruptions >> found in translation of Bible ‘Vulgate’ errors & mistakes
   • CHURCH
     • 1520 = CHOICE >> authority of Catholic Church = splintered
     • Internal rivalries & factions >> prior to Ref
     • Ranke [german historian 19th cen] ‘there have been few times in which the awareness of crisis has reached and encompassed all social classes and pervaded such extensive areas of Western Europe’
     • Roman Catholic Church = authority of Pope >> crowned every monarchy, top of political pyramid

2. ZWINGLI

   • Pre-Ref Switzerland
     • Complicated patchwork quilt of states & territories — ruled by local princes >> similar to HRM [individual states]
     • State of church — unevenly controlled, priests = poorly educated, ill-equipped
     • More universities per head of population than anywhere in Europe >> Basel Uni [Erasmus] >> over 70 Printing Press in cities
   • Zwingli
     • Attended uni in Vienna & Basel — parish priest in Glarus 1506, humanist ideas
     • 1513. master in biblical Greek >> avid reader of Erasmus
     • 1520/21 = Protestant — adopt evangelical views, justification by faith alone [not works] >> not by Luther, reading Bible himself
     • Period of lent >> fasting = Zwingli ate meat during period | Preached a sermon published [on choice and liberty in food] ‘free to make own judgements’
     • 1522. Married | state considering reformed Protestant ideas | Zwingli exonerated from heresy
     • Widespread iconoclastic riots >> destroying visible signs | Catholic mass = outlawed in Zurich | Monastic houses = shut down & closed
   • Swiss Ref
     • Anabaptism >> state & church completely separate — emerges on tail-courts of Zwinglian Ref
     • 1524. Reformation = splintering — Luther & Zwingli [theological differences] Eucharist
     • Considerable resistance in Switzerland — remaining Catholics defending themselves against Protestant advances
     • Johannes Oecolampadius — supporter, student of bible, friend of Zwingli >> position in Berne coordinated extension of ideas
     • Heinrich Bellinger >> replacement of Zwingli — able to consolidate Swiss Protestantism, turning into distinct movement [Reformed Movement]

3. LUTHER

   • Relation with Zwingli
     • Theology of Eucharist — no longer celebrate mass, do celebrate communion service >> disagreed with trans-substantiation
       • Luther: con-substantiation — bread & wine contained body and bloody
       • Zwingli: during Lords Supper — reminders of death of Christ [memorials]
     • Phillip II, Landgrave of Hesse: bring together Protestants in Germany & Switzerland, united front withstand Catholicism [Luther & Zwingli]
       • 1529: Colloquy of Marburg — discussing differences of Eucharist, Luther dismissed Zwingli as warmed up Anabaptist
     • 1529: first war between Swiss Protestant states & Catholic states = truce quickly >> Second Kappel War 1531 [Zwingli died]
   • Own Ref
     • Justification by faith >> no works necessary, faith & scripture
     • Indulgences >> Tetzel = buying salvation [rebuild Vatican] Charles V & Pope
     • 95 Theses — gods salvation cannot be bought >> 1520 Pope issued papal bull [Luther burned] | Diet of Worms 1521 ‘here i stand i can do no other’