Psychology B541

Memory
1. Key Concepts
  1. Information Processing: input, encoding, storage, retrieval, outout
    1. Input: Information entering the body through senses
      1. Encoding: Putting data into a format
        Storage: Storing information
        Retrieval: Retrieving the information
        Output: Saying something or writing it down
    2. Accessibility: problems occur when we can't get information into the memory, cant retrieve it
      1. Availability: information is no longer in the memory
2. Core Theory
  1. Multi-Store Model
    1. STM: limited capacity & duration - info will decay or be displaced
      1. LTM: unlimited capacity & duration - 25% of into that reaches STM goes to LTM
        Sensory Store: info held until attention is paid
        Decay: info fades over time
        Displacement: info replaced with new info
        Memory retrieval: repeating info
    2. 1. Too rigid and ignores individual differences
      1. 2. Over simplifies STM & LTM
        3. Over emphasises role of rehearsal - not all info in LTM is rehearsed
3. Core Study
  1. Terry 2005
    1. Lab experiment
      1. Procedure: commercials shown to 15 people
        Repeated measures design
        Whether ptp recalled commercials immediately or after a delay
        Results: serial position effect - good recall of first few and last few. Middle ones were displaced
    2. 1. Lab exp lacks ecological validity as it was an artificial setting
      1. 2. Lacks construct validity - narrow measure
        3. Demand characteristics - there were clear cues of what the researcher was trying to investigate
  2. Alternative Theory
    1. Levels of processing
      1. Shallow processing: noticing only the colour - not processing deeper information. Less likely to recall
        Deep processing: understanding - processing info for meaning. More likely to recall
        Levels of processing: wrong to assume that memory is so limited - we can remember vast amounts of info in a short amount of time
4. Applications
  1. Memory aids
    1. Techniques for improving memory
      1. Cues - to trigger info and memories through the senses
        People recall info better if they are in the same context or situation
        Visual cues
Phobias
1. Key Concepts
  1. Typical behaviour: considered normal - applies to the majority of people
    1. Atypical behaviour: considered abnormal - applies to minority of people
      1. Phobia: atypical fear response
        Agoraphobia: fear of public spaces
        School phobia: fear of school
        Social phobia: fear of embarrassment
        Acrophobia: fear of heights
        Arachnophobia: fear of spiders
        Heart pounding, sweating, feeling sick, dizziness
  2. It's all about avoiding what you're scared of
2. Core Theory
  1. People learn their phobias
    1. Classical conditioning: learning by association
      1. UCR: response is natural and doesn't need to be learnt
        UCS: something that triggers a natural response
        NS: doesn't trigger reaction
        CS: triggers learnt response
        CR: response that's been learnt through association
  2. 1. Ignores thinking behind behaviour
    1. 2. Phobia's can be learnt indirectly
      1. 3. Cannot explain the fact that some people have phobias that they have no direct experience of
3. Core Study
  1. Watson & Rayner 1920
    1. Little Albert, 9 months old
      1. Hammer hit a steel bar and scared him
        11 months old - Albert was shown a rat and the steel bar was hit
        Results: By the end of 7 trials, the rat scared Albert in it's own and he would cry and avoid it
        Fear of white fluffy things
    2. 1. Lacks ecological validity - artifical setting
      1. 2. Can't generalise data as it was carried out on one boy
        3. Unethical - Albert was caused distress
4. Alternative Theory
  1. Evolutionary Theory
    1. Animals have evolved over time and instinctively behave in ways that allow them to survive and reproduce
  2. Some things are more threatening than others
  3. Doesn't agree that people are born with phobias
5. Applications
  1. Behaviour Therapy
    1. Reversing phobias
      1. Flooding: clients immersed in their fear - works on specific phobias, but it can be dangerous
      2. Systematic desensitasion: more ethical - form new associations for gradually
      3. Implosion: client imagines worst situation rather than physically experiencing it
Obedience
1. Key Concepts
  1. Obedience - obey a command from an authority figure
  2. Denial of responsibility: blame your behaviour on a higher authority
  3. Defiance: don't obey the authority figure
  4. Agentic state: you are an agent and not to blame
2. Core Theory
  1. Situational factors
    1. Setting: Milgram exp in a down town office - obedience decreased
      1. Culture: Hofling - culture of nurses obeying doctors
    2. Punishment: power to punish
      1. Consensus: copy others - obedience goes up
        1. Research lacks ecological validity - not real life
        2. Research was unethical - caused distress and deceived them
        3. Ignores role of personality - suggests that behaviour is always a reflex or reaction - we live on an automatic pilot
3. Core Study
  1. Bickman 1974
    1. Procedure: dressed up as a guard, milkman & civilian and asked ptp to pick up litter or give money
      1. Findings: More obeyed when wearing a guard uniform - 89%, milkman - 57%, civilian - 33%
    2. 1. Lacked control of extraneous variables - ptp could have been deaf
      1. 2. Unethical - he didn't get consent from ptp
        3. Experimenters were all male so it can't be generalised - women may behave differently
4. Alternative Theory
  1. Authoritarian Personality
    1. Sees world in black and white
    2. Obeys authority and looks down on lower social class
    3. Does not like ambiguity (when things aren't clear)
    4. Fixed ideas of right and wrong, good and bad
    5. Someone who is willing to be bossed around by people of a higher status than them
Attachment
1. Key Concepts
Applications
1. Keeping order in institutions
  1. Rules
  2. Uniform - power and status or loss of identity
  3. Punishment if a rule is broken
  4. School: Detentions
    1. Prison: Solitary confinement

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Psychology B541

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