Mindmap
GLUCOSE METABOLISM
Inhalt der Mindmap
GLUCOSE METABOLISM
GLUCONEOGENESIS
- Purpose
- It is responsible for maintaining blood glucose levels during periods of fasting
- Through the synthesis of new glucose
- From
- Lactate
- Generated from anaerobic glycolysis
- By fabrics like
- Muscles
- Erythrocytes
- Destination place
- Liver
- Upon reaching the liver, it can be converted into glucose by gluconeogenesis
- Glucose will return to
- Muscles
- Erythrocytes
- Forming the Cori cycle
- Glucose will return to
- Upon reaching the liver, it can be converted into glucose by gluconeogenesis
- Liver
- By fabrics like
- Generated from anaerobic glycolysis
- Glycerol
- It comes from the breakdown of triglycerides
- Circulate freely in the bloodstream
- Destination place
- Liver
- Upon reaching the liver, it is phosphorylated by
- Glycerol kinase
- Producing Glycerol Phosphate
- Glycerol phosphate is oxidized by
- Glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase
- Producing dihydroxyacetone phosphate
- Dihydroxyacetone phosphate DHAP is a glycolytic intermediate
- Producing dihydroxyacetone phosphate
- Glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase
- Glycerol phosphate is oxidized by
- Producing Glycerol Phosphate
- Glycerol kinase
- Upon reaching the liver, it is phosphorylated by
- Liver
- Destination place
- Glycogenic amino acids
- Upon reaching the Krebs cycle, they are metabolized into
- Alpha-ketoglutarate
- Succinil CoA
- Fumarate
- Through PEP carboxykinase they become in
- Oxaloacetate
- Through PEP carboxykinase it is converted to
- Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), which is a glycolytic intermediate
- Through PEP carboxykinase it is converted to
- Oxaloacetate
- Through PEP carboxykinase they become in
- Upon reaching the Krebs cycle, they are metabolized into
- Lactate
- From
- Through the synthesis of new glucose
- It is responsible for maintaining blood glucose levels during periods of fasting
- When does it start?
- Starts when glycogen stores in the liver run out
- After about a 24-hour fast
- Starts when glycogen stores in the liver run out
- Unique enzymes
- Pyruvate Carboxylase
- PEP carboxylase
- Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase
- Glucose 6-phosphatase
- Occurs in specific tissues
- Liver
- The only tissues to have the enzymes necessary for gluconeogenesis
- Kidney
- Liver
- Who regulates it?
- It is regulated by the levels of
- Growth hormone
- Catecholamines
- Cortisol
- Acts as a promoter of gluconeogenesis
- Increases the enzymes needed to convert amino acids into glucose
- In the liver
- Increases the enzymes needed to convert amino acids into glucose
- Acts as a promoter of gluconeogenesis
- Insulin
- Acts as an inhibitor of gluconeogenesis
- Upon reaching the cell, it activates the AKT signaling pathway, which will cause
- The inhibition of FOXO, having as a consequence
- Decreased gluconeogenesis
- The inhibition of FOXO, having as a consequence
- Having a decrease in insulin
- FOXO is activated
- Generating increased gluconeogenesis
- Allows catabolism of
- Fats
- Protein
- Which will give us a greater availability of
- Gluconeogenic substrates
- Which will give us a greater availability of
- FOXO is activated
- Glucagon
- It is produced
- In
- Alpha cells of the pancreas
- By
- Decrease in blood glucose levels.
- In
- Action mechanisms
- Favors or promotes the catalytic activity of
- fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase
- Promotes gluconeogenesis
- Converts fructose-1,6-bisphosphate to fructose-6-phosphate
- Adenylate cyclase
- Increases cAMP concentrations intracellularly
- Causing the activation of the
- CAMP-dependent protein kinase, is inactive to
- Pyruvate kinase.
- It is responsible for converting PEP to pyruvate
- When it is inhibited, it generates an increase in PEP, generating a greater glycogenic substrate
- Pyruvate kinase.
- CAMP-dependent protein kinase, is inactive to
- Causing the activation of the
- Increases cAMP concentrations intracellularly
- PEP-carboxykinase
- Increase PEP production
- Generating greater glucose production
- Increase PEP production
- fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase
- Suppress
- Phosphofructokinase-1
- It is the main regulatory enzyme of glycolysis
- Phosphofructokinase-1
- Favors or promotes the catalytic activity of
- It is produced
- It is regulated by the levels of
- Pathophysiology associated with a failure of glucose 6- phosphatase
- Von Gierke disease
- Condition in which the body cannot break down glycogen
- glucose 6 phosphatase deficiency
- Autosomal recessive inherited disease
- Condition in which the body cannot break down glycogen
- Hyperkalemia
- Hyperuricemia
- It is characterized by an abnormal elevation of serum uric acid
- Increased lactate levels
- The reticular response
- It occurs due to an increase in GNG in the liver
- Causing
- Diabetes
- Obesity
- Causing
- It occurs due to an increase in GNG in the liver
- Von Gierke disease
- Purpose
KREBS CYCLE
- Action mechanisms
- Through the following image you can observe the events that happen in the Krebs cycle, showing the changes that the sutrates undergo when entering it, we can also show the enzymes that act and the respective products
- This is a closed circuit of eight main stages in which the last part of the pathway regenerates the molecule used in the first step (oxaloacetate)
- Dehydrogenases
- They allow the carbon atoms in each triose to convert to carbon dioxide
- Are
- Pyruvate dehydrogenase
- Isocitrate dehydrogenase
- Alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
- They decarboxylate the different substrates of the Krebs cycle
- Generating CO2 production
- They decarboxylate the different substrates of the Krebs cycle
- As there are many reduced coenzymes, the Krebs cycle stops
- Reduced coenzymes associated with the Krebs cycle
- NADH
- FADH2
- Reduced coenzymes associated with the Krebs cycle
- Through the following image you can observe the events that happen in the Krebs cycle, showing the changes that the sutrates undergo when entering it, we can also show the enzymes that act and the respective products
- End products of the Krebs cycle
- 2 molecules of CO2
- Energy products
- 3 molecules of NADH2
- 3 molecules of NADH2
- 1 molecule of ATP
- Having a total of 12 ATP molecules
- As glucose breaks down into 2 pyruvates at the end of glycolysis, it will generate at the end of the Krebs Cycle a total of
- 24 ATP molecules
- As glucose breaks down into 2 pyruvates at the end of glycolysis, it will generate at the end of the Krebs Cycle a total of
- Having a total of 12 ATP molecules
- Vitamins necessary for the Krebs cycle
- Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
- Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
- Vitamin B3 (Niacin)
- Pathophysiology
- Beriberi
- Generated by Thiamine deficiency
- High levels of Pyruvate in the blood
- Which tells us that there are defects in pyruvate oxidation
- Fumarase deficiency
- It is an autosomal inheritance
- Characterized by a deficiency of the enzyme hydratase fumarate
- Indicated by an accumulation of fumaric acid in the urine.
- Prostate cancer
- It is caused by the deficiency of the enzyme aconitase
- Results in citrate to isocitrate oxidation
- It only occurs in the male gender, because women do not have a prostate
- Symptoms
- Problems urinating
- Pain when ejaculating
- Blood in urine or semen
- Pain in the back side of the back
- It is caused by the deficiency of the enzyme aconitase
- Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy
- It occurs due to the deficiency of succinate dehydrogenase
- Caused by gene mutation
- Symptoms
- Muscular weakness
- Exercise intolerance
- Hearing loss
- Convulsions
- Loss of balance
- Progressive weakness
- Heart failure
- Learning deficit
- Beriberi
- Purpose
- Metabolic route by which we can metabolize the different remnants of the food that we previously digested in order to obtain energy
- Of fundamental importance in all cells that use oxygen during the process of cellular respiration.
- Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix
- It cannot happen in erythrocytes
- Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix
- Of fundamental importance in all cells that use oxygen during the process of cellular respiration.
- Metabolic route by which we can metabolize the different remnants of the food that we previously digested in order to obtain energy
- Action mechanisms
GLYCOLYSIS
- Action mechanisms
- Glucose travels through the bloodstream to enter cells
- It will enter through insulin and the different types of receptors (GLUT) of each cell
- Cellular glucose receptors (GLUT)
- GLUT3 (Not insulin dependent)
- Brain
- GLUT 2 (Not insulin dependent)
- Liver
- GLUT 1 (Not insulin dependent)
- Erythrocytes
- GLUT 1 (Insulin dependent)
- Muscle
- Tejido adiposoAdipose tissue
- Some heart cells
- GLUT3 (Not insulin dependent)
- Cellular glucose receptors (GLUT)
- Glucose upon entering the cell is phosphorylated by
- Hexokinase
- Producing glucose-6-phosphate
- Glucose-6-phosphate is isomerized by
- Phosphohexose isomerase
- Producing fructose-6-phosphate
- Fructose-6-phosphate is phosphorylated by
- Fosfofructoquinasa-1
- Producing fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
- Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate is catalyzed by
- Aldolasse
- Producing
- Dihydroxyacetone phosphate
- Triose phosphate isomerase allows these two compounds to be isomerized with each other
- Producing Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
- The same thing will happen to this compound as to the first Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate compound that was generated previously
- Producing Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
- Triose phosphate isomerase allows these two compounds to be isomerized with each other
- Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
- Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is phosphorylated by
- Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- Producing 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
- 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate is catalyzed by
- Phosphoglycerate kinase
- Producing 3 - phosphoglycerate
- 3-phosphoglycerate is isomerized by
- Phosphoglycerate mutase
- Producing 2-phosphoglycerate, which is hydrolyzed by
- Enolase
- Producing Phosphoenolpyruvate
- Phosphoenolpyruvate is dephosphorylated by
- Pyruvate kinase
- Producing
- Pyruvate, which enters the Krebs cycle as Acetyl-CoA
- Producing
- Producing ATP at the same time from the phosphorylation of ADP
- Pyruvate kinase
- Phosphoenolpyruvate is dephosphorylated by
- Producing Phosphoenolpyruvate
- H2O is also produced from H
- Enolase
- Producing 2-phosphoglycerate, which is hydrolyzed by
- Phosphoglycerate mutase
- 3-phosphoglycerate is isomerized by
- Producing 3 - phosphoglycerate
- Producing ATP at the same time from the phosphorylation of ADP
- Phosphoglycerate kinase
- 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate is catalyzed by
- Producing 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
- NADH2 is also produced from NAD
- Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is phosphorylated by
- Dihydroxyacetone phosphate
- Producing
- Aldolasse
- Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate is catalyzed by
- Producing fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
- Producing ADP at the same time from the use of ATP
- Fosfofructoquinasa-1
- Fructose-6-phosphate is phosphorylated by
- Producing fructose-6-phosphate
- Phosphohexose isomerase
- Glucose-6-phosphate is isomerized by
- Uses Mg to trap ATP and phosphorylate glucose
- Producing glucose-6-phosphate
- Producing ADP at the same time from the use of ATP
- Hexokinase
- It will enter through insulin and the different types of receptors (GLUT) of each cell
- Glucose travels through the bloodstream to enter cells
- Types
- Anaerobic glycolis
- It is the process that occurs from the arrival of glucose to the cell, generating different transformations to glucose until reaching the point where glucose becomes pyruvate
- It occurs only at the cytosolic level
- From 1 glucose molecule, 4 ATP can be generated, for each triose 2 ATP are generated and in total we have 2 ATP consumed during its entire process. Therefore we have 4 ATP left at the end of glycolysis
- Aerobic glycolysis
- Aerobic glycolysis is the stage in which pyruvate enters the mitochondria and is decarboxylated, becoming Acetyl Co-a in order to enter the Krebs cycle.
- Upon reaching oxidative phosphorylation, an average of 36 ATP is produced
- It occurs only in the mitochondria
- Anaerobic glycolis
- Who regulates it?
- It is regulated by the levels of
- ADP
- Having high levels of ADP promotes
- The transformation of fructose-6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
- Having high levels of ADP promotes
- ATP
- Inhibits
- The transformation of fructose-6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
- By increase in ATP concentration
- The transformation of phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate
- The transformation of fructose-6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
- Promueve
- Glycogenolysis
- By decrease in ATP concentration
- Glycogenolysis
- Inhibits
- Acetyl-CoA
- Promotes lipogenesis
- Due to the decrease in the levels of Acetyl Co.A
- Inhibits the passage of phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate
- By increasing the concentration of Acetyl Co-A
- Promotes lipogenesis
- Citrate
- Inhibits the phosphorylation of fructose 6 phosphate to fructose 1,6 bisphosphate
- ADP
- It is regulated by the levels of
- Associated pathologies
- Tarui disease
- It is a metabolic disease due to a deficiency in the enzyme phosphofructokinase
- Phosphofructokinase converts Fructose 6-phosphate to Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
- It occurs in step 3 of glycolysis
- Phosphofructokinase converts Fructose 6-phosphate to Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
- It is a hereditary, autosomal recessive disease
- It manifests itself in certain cells, such as erythrocytes and skeletal muscle, losing the ability to use glucose as a source of energy
- It belongs to the group of glycogenosis
- Diseases produced by storage or accumulation of glycogen
- They are inherited disorders that affect the formation and use of glycogen
- Symptoms
- Exercise intolerance
- Cramps
- Myoglobinuria
- Expulsion of myoglobin through urine
- It is a metabolic disease due to a deficiency in the enzyme phosphofructokinase
- Tarui disease
- Purpose
- First metabolic route to obtain energy from carbohydrates that we ingest every day
- Action mechanisms
PENTOSA PHOSPHATE
- Purpose
- Its purpose is the production of
- NADPH2
- From glucosea
- It is involved in the synthesis of biomolecules
- Sterols
- Nucleic acids
- Nonessential amino acids
- Fatty acids
- Ribose
- Precursora de ácidos Nucleicos
- How
- DNA
- RNA
- How
- Precursora de ácidos Nucleicos
- NADPH2
- Maintain carbon homeostasis in the cell
- Its purpose is the production of
- Branches after the first step of glycolysis
- Taking Glucose 6 phosphate as the first substrate
- Associated pathologies
- Chronic granulomatous disease
- Neuromuscular diseases
- Cancer.
- Diabetes mellitus type 2
- Action mechanisms
- It occurs through two phases
- Phases
- Oxidative
- Starts from the branching of the first step of glycolysis
- It takes Glucose 6 phosphate as the first substrate and catalyzes it by means of
- Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase
- Producing 6-phosphogluconolactone
- 6-phosphogluconolactone is hydrolyzed by
- 6-phosphogluconolactonase
- Generating 6-phosphogluconate
- 6-phosphogluconate is catalyzed by
- 6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase
- Producing ribulose 5-phosphate
- Ribulose 5-phosphate is isomerized by
- Phosphopentose isomerase
- Producing ribose 5 phosphate
- Nucleic acid precursor
- Producing ribose 5 phosphate
- Phosphopentose isomerase
- Ribulose 5-phosphate is isomerized by
- Producing ribulose 5-phosphate
- At the same time produce
- CO2
- NADPH2 from NADP
- 6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase
- 6-phosphogluconate is catalyzed by
- Generating 6-phosphogluconate
- Producing at the same time H from H2O
- 6-phosphogluconolactonase
- 6-phosphogluconolactone is hydrolyzed by
- Producing 6-phosphogluconolactone
- NADH2 is also produced from NADP
- Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase
- It takes Glucose 6 phosphate as the first substrate and catalyzes it by means of
- Starts from the branching of the first step of glycolysis
- Non oxidative
- Occur in the cytosol
- Composed of a series of reversible transfer reactions of chemical groups
- Starts with ribulose 5 phosphate
- Catalyzed by
- Phosphopentose epimerase
- Producing
- Xylulose 5-phosphate
- Xylulose 5-phosphate
- The union of these two by means of a trancetolase will produce
- Fructose 6-phosphate
- Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
- The union of these two by means of a trancetolase will produce
- Producing
- Phosphopentose isomerase
- Producing ribose 5-phosphate
- The union of these two by means of a transketolase will produce
- Sedoheptulose 7-phosphate
- The union of these two by means of a transaldolase will produce
- Eritrosa 4-phosphate
- Fructose 6-phosphate
- These three final products will pass to the glycolytic pathway to serve as a substrate in obtaining energy or obtaining glycogen
- The union of these two by means of a transaldolase will produce
- Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate
- Sedoheptulose 7-phosphate
- The union of these two by means of a transketolase will produce
- Producing ribose 5-phosphate
- Phosphopentose epimerase
- Catalyzed by
- Starts with ribulose 5 phosphate
- Oxidative
- Phases
- It occurs through two phases
- Purpose
Bilder und Dateien der Mindmap
Informationen
- Beschreibung
- Mindmap am GLUCOSE METABOLISM, erstellt von Jose Gabriel Zabala Quintero am 27/09/2020.
- Erstellt von
- Jose Gabriel Zabala Quintero
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