Glycoconjugates

Glycoconjugates

1. What are they?

   • They consist of carbohydrates of different size and complexity
     • Covalently attached to non-sugar residues
       • As
         • Protein
           • Their union generates
             • Glycoproteins
             • Proteoglycans
             • Glycosaminoglycans
         • Lipids
           • Their union generates
             • Glycolipids

2. Glycosaminoglycans

   • What are they?
     • Long, unbranched chains of heteropolysaccharides, generally composed of a repeating disaccharide unit
   • Functions
     • Allows to act as lubricants and shock absorbers
     • They act as structural components of the MEC
     • They serve as polyanions
       • Join
         • Polycations
         • Cations
     • They act as sieves in the MEC
     • They facilitate cell migration
     • They act as anticoagulants
     • Determine the load selectivity of the renal glomerulus
   • ¿Cuales son los mas importantes?
     • Hyaluronate
       • What are they made of?
         • Union between
           • D-glucuronate
           • N-acetylgalactosamine
       • No tiene azufre
       • We can find it in
         • Synovial fluid
         • Vitreous humor
         • Connective tissue ECM
     • Dermatan sulfate 1 and 2
       • What are they made of?
         • Union between
           • Iduronate
           • N-acetyl glucosamine sulfate
       • Has sulfur
       • We can find it in
         • Skin
         • Blood vessels
     • Chondroitin sulfate
       • What are they made of?
         • Union between
           • N-acetyl glucosamine sulfate
           • Glucoronate
       • Has sulfur
       • We can find it in
         • Cartilage
         • Bone
         • Heart valves
     • Heparin
       • What are they made of?
         • Union between
           • Iduronate
           • Sulfo N-acetylgalactosamine
       • We can find it in
         • Mast cells
         • Blood vessels
         • Liver
         • Skin
     • Heparan sulfate
       • We can find it in
         • Basal lamina
         • Cell membrane surfaces
     • Keratin sulfate
       • What are they made of?
         • Union between
           • D-galactose
           • N-acetyl glucosamine sulfate
       • We can find it in
         • Cornea
         • Bone
         • Cartilage
   • An excess can produce
     • Mucopolysaccharidosis
       • Orphan Disease Group
       • Autosomal recessive diseases
       • Also known as gargolismo
       • Its treatment is based on the administration of the deficient enzyme in the body

3. Proteoglycans

   • What are they?
     • Molecules formed by a protein nucleus that is covalently bound to a special type of polysaccharides
     • Have
       • Protein core structure
       • Sugar chain
         • Linear from 10 to 50 sugars
   • Features and functions
     • Bind proteins
     • Bind with glycosaminoglycans
     • Have a negative charge
     • Retain water
     • They are composed of 95% carbohydrates
     • They have a high molecular weight
   • Place where we can find them
     • Exclusive to the extracellular matrix
   • Some are
     • Sindicano
     • Betaglucan
     • Perlecano
     • Decorine
     • Agrecane

4. Glycoproteins

   • What are they?
     • Molecules composed of a protein linked to one or more carbohydrates, simple or compound.
   • function
     • Modulate physicochemical properties
       • As
         • Solubility
         • Viscosity
         • Load
         • Conformation
         • Union sites
           • For
             • Bacteria
             • Virus
             • Parasites
         • Denaturation
     • Protect against proteolysis
       • Since
         • Inside the cell
         • Outside the cell
     • They participate in biological activity
     • Affect insertion into membranes
     • They affect embryonic development and differentiation
   • Diseases originated in the biosynthesis of glycoproteins
     • Cancer
     • Congenital factors of glycation
     • Leukocyte type 2 inheritance deficiency
     • Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobin
     • Cell I disease
   • Factors Affecting the Activities of the Glycoprotein Processing Enzyme
     • Cell type
     • Previous enzyme
     • Developing
     • Intracellular location
     • Protein conformation
     • Species
     • Cancer

5. Glycolipids

   • What are they?
     • They are membrane lipids with carbohydrates in their polar head groups.
   • Types
     • Cerebrosides.
     • Globosides
     • Gangliosides.
   • Functions
     • Barrier function
     • Responsible for fluency
       • Of
         • The plasma membrane
     • Responsible for flexibility
     • Responsible for curvature
     • Participate in processes
       • Cell recognition
       • Cellular communication
   • Foods rich in Glycolipids
     • Alpiste
     • Rice.
     • Oats
     • Sugar cane.
     • Barley

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