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Psychological Paradigms / Theoretical Perspectives
- Behavioural
- Who?
- John B Watson
- Psychology should study only
observable behaviour
- Nature vs Nurture
- Psychology should study only
observable behaviour
- Ivan Pavlov
- Pavlov's dogs
- Pavlov's dogs
- BF Skinner
- Internal mental events could not be
studied scientifically
- Repeat positive outcomes, not
repeat negative/neutral outcomes
- Free will is an illusion
- Internal mental events could not be
studied scientifically
- John B Watson
- Effects of the environment on the overt
behaviour of humans and animals
- Only observable events
(stimulu-response relations) can be
studies scientifically
- Who?
- Wilhelm Wundt
- First research lab in Germany in 1879
- Psychology should be the
scientific study of conciousness
- First research lab in Germany in 1879
- Structuralism vs Functionalism
- Structuralism: analyse
consciousness into its basic
elements: sensations,
feelings, images
- Edward Titchner
- Edward Titchner
- Functionalism: investigate the purposes
of consciousness
- William James
- Darwin's theory of natural selection
- Darwin's theory of natural selection
- William James
- Structuralism: analyse
consciousness into its basic
elements: sensations,
feelings, images
- Psychoanalytic
- Sigmund Freud
- Unconscious: thoughts,
memories and desires -
influence on behaviour
- Personality, motivation and mental
disorders by focusing on unconscious
determinants of behaviour and
importance of sexuality
- Unconscious: thoughts,
memories and desires -
influence on behaviour
- Carl Jung
- Alfred Adler
- Sigmund Freud
- Humanistic
- Psychoanalytic &
Behaviourism was
dehumanizing
- Humans are free, rational beings with the
potential for personal growth, and they are
fundamentally different from animals
- Carl Rogers
- Human behaviour is governed primarily by
each individuals sense of self or
self-concept
- Human behaviour is governed primarily by
each individuals sense of self or
self-concept
- Abraham Maslow
- Treatments for psychological
problems and disorders
- Psychoanalytic &
Behaviourism was
dehumanizing
- Cognitive
- Human behaviour cannot be
fully understood without
examining how people acquire,
store and process information
- Study of cognitive
development, language,
problem solving
- Jean Piaget
Noam Chomsky
Herbert Simon
- Human behaviour cannot be
fully understood without
examining how people acquire,
store and process information
- Applied Psychology
- Everyday, practical problems
- Professional services to the public
- Everyday, practical problems
- Clinical Psychology
- World War II
- Diagnosis and treatment of
psychological problems and
disorders
- World War II
- Biological
- Roger Sperry
- Left and right sides of brain are specialised
to handle different mental tasks
- Left and right sides of brain are specialised
to handle different mental tasks
- An organisms functioning can be explained
in terms of bodily structures and
biochemical processes that underlie
behaviour
- James Olds
David Hubek
Torsten Wiesel
- Roger Sperry
- Cultural Diversity
- Advances in communication, travel
and international trade
- The ethnic makeup of the Western
world has become an increasingly
diverse multicultural mosiac
- Advances in communication, travel
and international trade
- Evolutionary
- Behavioural patterns have evolved to
solve adaptive problems; natural
selection favours behaviours that
enhance reproductive success
- David Buss, Martin Daly, Margo
Weilson, Lede Cosmides, John Tooby
- Behavioural patterns have evolved to
solve adaptive problems; natural
selection favours behaviours that
enhance reproductive success
- Positive Psychology
- Martin Seligman
- Too much time in psychology had been dedicated to pathology,
weakness and damage, and ways to heal suffering
- Too much time in psychology had been dedicated to pathology,
weakness and damage, and ways to heal suffering
- Uses theory and research to better understand the positive,
adaptive, creative and fulfilling aspects of human existence
- Three areas of interest
- Positive subjective
experiences (positive emotions)
- Positive individual traits
(personal strengths and virtues)
- Positive institutions and communities
- Positive subjective
experiences (positive emotions)
- Martin Seligman
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