Industrial Milling

Industrial Milling

1. What is it?

   • t mainly consists of cutting the material to be machined with a rotary tool with several cutting edges, which are called teeth, lips or carbide plates, which executes movements in almost any direction of the three possible axes on which the table where the part to be machined is fixed can be moved.
     • Types of milling
       • Flattening: Its purpose is to achieve flat surfaces.
       • Milling in square: Consists of leaving perpendicular steps in the piece to be machined. This is done using square inserts located in the tool holder.
       • Cubing: It is common in horizontal and vertical milling machines. It consists of preparing the metal dowels such as marble or granite in the appropriate dimensions.
       • Face Milling: Fully integral carbide milling cutters are used, which allows working at high speeds.

2. Lathe

   • What is it?
     • The lathe is a set of machines and tools that allow machining, threading, cutting, scribing, drilling, rolling, roughing and slotting parts geometrically per revolution
   • Types of lathes
     • Horizontal Lathe: The parallel or mechanical lathe is the type of lathe that evolved, when new equipment was incorporated that managed to turn it into one of the most important machine tools.
     • Copying Lathe: It allows the turning of pieces according to their characteristics following the profile of a template that reproduces a replica equal to the guide.
     • Turning Lathe: It is called automatic lathe to a type of lathe whose work process is entirely automated.
     • The feeding of the bar is necessary for each piece, it is also done in an automatic way, from a long bar that is inserted by a tube that has the head and it is fastened by means of hydraulic clamps
     • Vertical Lathe: A variety of lathes, with a vertical axis, designed to machine large parts that are attached to the plane of jaws or other operators that due to their dimensions or weight would be difficult to fix on a horizontal lathe
   • Turning processes
     • The mechanical processes of turning are carried out with cutting tools whose position in the machine is fixed and the possibility of lateral movement allows to separate a chip.
       • Cylinder: is the process that allows to obtain a cylindrical geometry of revolution. It has an application both externally and internally.
       • Facing: process that allows obtaining flat surfaces perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the machinery.
       • Threading: It allows obtaining parts such as threads, screws, external threading and nuts, internal threading.
       • Grooving: process by which it is possible to obtain grooves of revolution.
       • Parting off: this process allows parting or cutting the part perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the part.
       • Knurling: process that allows the marking of the cylindrical surface of the piece in order to facilitate its manual rotation.
   • Stages of the turning process
     • The mechanical work of turning involves a series of stages that are divided into:
       • Loading / unloading time: it is the time that is used to fix the workpiece on the lathe. The duration of this stage will depend on its size and weight, as well as other characteristics of the piece.
       • Idle time: Idle time. Tool replacement time: time spent replacing a tool that has exceeded its useful life.
       • Cutting time: it is the time allotted that the cutting tools use to make all the cuts necessary to obtain the desired piece

3. A milling machine is therefore a machine equipped with a cutting tool fixed to the head and provided with linear movement in three directions (X - Y - Z). The piece will be fixed to the table by the fixing procedure chosen, and the movement in these 3 directions is what is called the machine axes (hence the 3-axis milling machine)

4. Classification of milling machines according to configuration

   • Depending on the configuration of its moving parts, we would speak of fixed table and mobile column milling machines, fixed bed and mobile table, bridge or gantry milling machine, etc.
   • Depending on the number of axes, it can optionally have 4, 5 or in very special cases more axes. Usually the additional axes are rotary axes.
   • Depending on whether said axis rotates with respect to the X, Y or Z axis, it is called the A, B or C axis (or U, V, W).
   • It corresponds to a 5-axis machine with a rotary table, although it can also be a fixed table and provide the head with articulations to tilt (rotate) it.

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