INTERNAL ENERGY AND LANDFORMS

INTERNAL ENERGY AND LANDFORMS

1. Types of plate boundaries

   • Divergent (constructive) boundaries
   • Convergent (destructive) boundaries
   • Transform (passive) boundaries

2. Relief as a result of interacting processes

   • Relief can be defined as the interacion between internal and external geological processes
     • External geological processes:
       • Weathering
       • Erosion
       • Transportation
       • Sedimentation
     • Internal geological processes: the deformation of rocks
       • Types
         • Stresses or forces
           • Compressional stress/force
           • Tensional stress/force
           • Shear stress/force
         • Deformations
           • Elastic materials
           • Ductile or plastic materials
             • Folds
               • Are deformations found in rock strata resulting from compressive forces.
                 • Based on the relative age of the material
                   • Anticline
                   • Syncline
                 • Based on the position of the axial plane
                   • Upright
                   • Inclined
                   • Recumbent
                 • Based on the degree of symmetry
                   • Symmetrical
                   • Asymmetrical
           • Fragile or rigid materials
             • Faults
               • are fractures in the rocks on the Earth's surface where the separated blocks of rocks have been displaced
                 • Types
                   • Normal fault
                   • Reverse fault
                   • Transform or Strike-slip fault

3. Orogens/orogenies

   • Collisional orogenies
   • Non-collisional orogenies

4. The Wilson Cycle

   • John Tuzo Wilson was the first to propose his existence
     • 2. Continental rift stage
     • 3. Narrow sea stage
     • 4. Maturing ocean stage
     • 6. Convergence stage
     • 7. Continental collision stage
     • 8. Final stage
     • 5. Shrinking ocean stage
     • 1. A dome forms

5. Magmatism

   • The internal temperature of the Earth increases with depth (geothermal gradient).
     • Melting can occur due to
       • A rise in temperature
       • A drop in pressure, which reduces the melting point of the rock
       • The presence of liquids, also reduces the melting point of rocks

6. Metamorphism

   • Is a process where the type or distribution of the minerals in rocks changes because of high pressure, high temperatures or both (It occurs in a solid state)
     • Types of metamorphism
       • . Contact (or thermal) metamorphism
       • Regional metamorphism
       • Dynamic metamorphism

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