Research Instruments

Research Instruments

1. Questionnaires

   • Is a research device or instrument that is made up of a series of questions which are closed-ended or open-ended. The goal is to collect relevant data from respondents which can then be used for a variety of purposes. When you give the respondent the ability to give a longer answer, it can yield more insights because they can elaborate on their thoughts.
     • Types
       • Exploratory questionnaire (qualitative)
       • Formal standardized questionnaire (quantitative)
       • Issues
         • Questionnaires, though versatile, aren't ideal in every situation - especially when you need to understand specific issues. It’s not advisable to use a questionnaire to ask specific questions about a product or service you’re still considering. This may lead to bias and false positives about the feasibility of the product.
         • Data analysis
           • Make sure you incorporate these tips in your analysis, to ensure your survey results are successful.
             • Ensure sample size is sufficient
             • Statistical significance – and why it matters
             • Focus on your insights, not the data
             • Complement with other types of data
         • Uses
           • Measuring change over time
           • Pilot tests
           • Pretests

2. Interviews

   • formal, in-depth conversation between two or more persons, wherein the exchange of information takes place, with a view of checking a candidate’s acceptability for the job.
     • TYPES
       • Structured Interview:
       • Unstructured Interview
       • Mixed Interview
       • Behavioural Interview
       • Stress Interview
       • One to one Interview
       • Procedures
         • Interviews are typically broken down into these 5 stages of the interview process
           • Introductions
           • Small Talk
           • Information Gathering
           • Question/Answe
           • Wrapping Up
           • Data analysis
             • Various steps in an analytics project include
               • Problem definition
               • Data exploration
               • Data preparation
               • Modelling
               • Validation of data
               • Uses
                 • gather very detailed information
                 • anticipate wanting to ask respondents follow-up questions based on their responses
                 • plan to ask questions that require lengthy explanation

3. Content analysis

   • is a research tool used to determine the presence of certain words, themes, or concepts within some given qualitative data
     • A single study may analyze various forms of text in its analysis. To analyze the text using content analysis, the text must be coded, or broken down, into manageable code categories for analysis
       • Uses
         • Identify the intentions, focus or communication trends of an individual, group or institution
         • Analyze focus group interviews and open-ended questions to complement quantitative data
         • studying a complex or potentially confusing topic to respondents
         • Describe attitudinal and behavioral responses to communications
         • Sources
           • Content analysis forms the bridge between quantitative and qualitative research methods, where some of the organizational issues that are very difficult to study, such as the organization behavior, human resources, and customer issues can be considered.
             • Online
             • Offline
             • Qualitative
               • Qualitative and quantitative hybrid model was established for business factors evaluation. Statistical values based on propagation and combination of effects of business factors were introduced in the simulation. Li et al. p

4. Focus groups

   • A focus group is a group of deliberately selected people who participate in a facilitated discussion to obtain consumer perceptions about a particular topic or area of interest.
     • Purposes
       • Los grupos focales están diseñados para identificar los sentimientos, percepciones y pensamientos de los consumidores sobre un producto, servicio o solución en particular.
         • Focus groups are designed to identify consumers' feelings, perceptions, and thoughts about a particular product, service, or solution.
           • Advantages
             • focus groups are valuable because they allow alternative ways of obtaining information from consumers without using surveys
             • Focus groups have a distinct advantage over other types of market research because they are flexible by design
             • Procedure
               • The first step to having an effective focus group is to clearly define the purpose of the group.
                 • Focus group discussions should be held in an environment that is non-threatening and receptive
                   • The line of questioning used in focus groups—known as the questioning route, interview guide, or protocol—is predetermined and follows a logical sequence intended to mimic a natural exchange.

5. Observations

   • This instrument clearly describes what individualized teaching and conceptual learning looks like.
     • The structure of this observation guide must meet the following steps
       • Title of the topic to be received.
       • Aspects and contents to be discussed.
       • Objectives that are pursued with the didactic material.
       • Somehow, we must ask a fundamental question
         • what is the physical manifestation of a process?
         • At a minimum it must include a program or set of programs that are executed
         • Data analysis
           • The realization of understanding is interpretation. Interpretation is a complex and fundamental activity in cultural and social life due to the importance and diversity of fields or areas of life in which it is necessary.

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