Learning

Learning

1. Nature of learning

   • It refers to a spectrum of changes that take place as a result of one’s experience. Learning may be defined as “any relatively permanent change in behaviour or behavioural potential produced by experience”.
     • Features of learning
       • The first feature is that learning always involves some kinds of experience. We experience an event occurring in a certain sequence on a number of occasions. If an event happens then it may be followed by certain other events.

2. Cognitive learning

   • in cognitive learning, there is a change in what the learner knows rather than what s/he does. This form of learning shows up in insight learning and latent learning.
     • Insight learning
       • In insight learning, sudden solution is the rule. Once the solution has appeared, it can be repeated immediately the next time the problem is confronted. Thus, it is clear that what is learned is not a specific set of conditioned associations between stimuli and responses but a cognitive relationship between a means and an end.
     • Latent learning
       • a new behaviour is learned but not demonstrated until reinforcement is provided for displaying it.

3. Introduction

   • When born, we start learning, it's the only thing we ever do, from recognizing things to giving sense to everything around you

4. Transfer of learning

   • effect. It refers to the effects of prior learning on new learning. Transfer is considered to be positive if the earlier learning facilitates current learning. It is considered to be negative transfer if new learning is retarded.
     • General transfer
       • The learning of one task warms-up the learner to learn the next task more conveniently.
     • Specific transfer
       • Any task can be understood as a chain of discriminable stimuli, each of which has to be associated with a specific response. Specific transfer means the effect of learning of task A on learning of task B.