ISSUES IN COLLECTING DATA

ISSUES IN COLLECTING DATA

1. TRIANGULATION: During land surveying, at least two perspectives should be considered if an accurate picture of a particular phenomenon is to be obtained.

   • DATA TRIANGULATION
     • A variety of sample strategies to ensure that objectives proposed are studied in more than one way.
   • INVESTIGATOR TRIANGULATION
     • Where more than one observer contributes to the findings in order to give the research study greater reliability.
   • METHODOLOGICAL TRIANGULATION
     • Refers to using different methods to collect the data.
   • THEORETICAL TRIANGULATION
     • It demands that the researchers approach the data analysis with more than one perspective on possible interpretations

2. RELIABILITY: It refers to the fact that research procedures must be consistent, both over time and across a variety of people who might use them.

   • EXTERNAL RELIABILITY: Refers to the extent to which independent researchers can reproduce a study and obtain results similar to those in the original study.
   • INTERNAL RELIABILITY: Refers to the consistency of data collection, analysis, and interpretation.

3. VALIDITY

   • INTERNAL VALIDITY: If the outcomes of the experiment can be directly and unambiguously attributed the treatment applied to the experimental group, rather than to uncontrolled factors.
     • CONSTRUCT VALIDITY: A criterion used by a research in order to measure data from a particular point of view. This criterion must be well-described and accessible to others researchers so validity can be confirmed.
     • CRITERION-RELATED VALIDITY: A certain form of measurement is used along with another form to measure a trait and confirm its validity.
     • TREATMENT VALIDITY: The treatment is implemented in a given research study, and it is identifiably different from whatever it is being compared with.
   • EXTERNAL VALIDITY or GENERALIZABILITY
     • Population
     • Sample