BEHAVIOURAL AND SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY

BEHAVIOURAL AND SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY

1. BEHAVIOURISM

   • base on consciousness [ kesedaran ]
   • learn from experience

2. Behaviourism

   • base on consciousness
   • learn from experience
   • third group of scientists working in the late 1890s
   • 1] IVAN PAVLOV
     • research in digestion of dog
     • dog learn to associate the sight of food by salivating
       • an inherited reflex (salivating) comes to be triggered by a stimulus that has nothing to do with that reflex (the metronome)
         • inherited reflexes could be influenced dramatically by learning experiences.
   • 2] John B.Watson & Margaret Floy
     • most human behaviour was learned through classical conditioning
     • 1910s and 1920s
     • Pavlov’s research and theories ;not immediately accepted in the USA
     • They agreed with Pavlov that the importance of conditioning went far beyond salivating dogs.

3. SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY

   • Albert Bandura
     • intergrates the study of behaviour ,the study of cognition
       • behaviour are learned from other persons in society [ family, friends, culture ]
   • 1] ROLE OF LEARNING IN PERSONALITY ]
     • : a person develops an adequate personality if he or she is exposed to good models
       • Personality is learned behavior, but it is also behavior that influences future learning experiences.
         • The friendly person will learn that the world is warm and loving.
         • The aggressive, overconfident person will learn that the world is a cold, rejecting place.
     • Bandura broke with traditional behaviorism in two main ways
       • emphasizes the importance of cognition in personality.
       • people as playing an active role in determining their own actions, rather than passively acted on by the learning environment.
   • 2) Role of Cognition in Personality
     • prime determinant of our behavior
       • People who believe that helping others only makes them less self-reliant will be stingy toward people in need.
       • People who think that other people find them boring will act quiet and shy.
     • self efficacy
       • A self-efficacy are learned from = what others say about us , our direct experiences of success and failure - other sources
         • continue to influence our behavior from the inside out
     • self regulation
       • adopt those standards for ourselves and use them to evaluate our own behavior
         • When we behave in ways that meet our personal standards, we cognitively pat ourselves on the back – we reinforce ourselves
           • We punish ourselves (feel guilty, disappointed)  fail to meet our personal standards.
           • we feel a self-reinforcing sense of pride or happiness when we have met our standards.
   • 3) Situationism and Interactionism
     • B. F. Skinner (1953
       • determined by the situations in which people find themselves, not traits inside the person
         • it suggests that our behavior is consistent only as long as our situations remain consistent
     • It suggests that our behavior is influenced by a combination of characteristics of the person and the situation
       •  one person might be relatively calm and relaxed when not frustrated or threatened
       • If this person encounters a stressful situation (interviewing for a new job)
       • Another person in contrast might be calm and relaxed in both stressful and nonstressful situations
     • The situations that interact with our personal characteristics do not just happen to us at random: we play an important role in selecting and creating many of the situations in which we live.

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