Principles for Instructed Second Language Learning.

Principles for Instructed Second Language Learning.

1. Principle I

   • Proficiency
     • Formulaic expressions
       • FonF
     • Rule-based competence
       • FonFs

2. Principle II

   • Pragmatic
     • Task-based approach
     • Planning
       • Context
   • Focus on meaning

3. Principle III

   • FonF
     • Learner Performance Options
       • Focused communication activities
         • Production communication task
         • Comprehension communication tasks
           • structure-based communication tasks

4. Principle IV

   • Explicit knowledge
     • Contribution: accuracy and form
     • Explicit teaching
   • Implicit knowledge
     • Contribution: fluency and confidence in L2
     • Implicit teaching

5. Principle V

   • Learner's built in syllabus
     • Processing instruction
     • Krashen
       • comprehensible input
         • i+1
       • affective filter hypothesis
       • motivation
         • emotional intelligence
       • Natural order of acquisition

6. Principle VI

   • Input
     • must be
       • comprehensible
       • developmentally appropriate
       • accurate
       • redundant
     • classified into
       • baseline
       • pre-modified
       • interaccionally modified
     • enhancement
     • Gass' Model

7. Principle VII

   • Output
     • Skehan
       • Production strategies
         • Roles for output
           • to force syntactic processing
           • to generate better input
           • to develop automaticity
           • to develop discourse skills
           • to test hypothesis
           • to develop a personal voice
     • noticing the gap

8. Principle VIII

   • interaction hypothesis
     • Interactional modifications
       • feedback
     • Negotiation of meaning
   • XXIst C. Skills
     • Communication

9. Principle IX

   • Individual differences
     • Adaptation of tasks and strategies
       • Lesson Plans
     • Learning styles
       • multiple intelligences
     • personality factors

10. Principle X

    • Controlled production
    • Free production

11. Principle XI

    • new identities
      • cultural awareness
      • Learning to learn

12. Principle XII

    • Topic-based learning
      • Cross-curricular connections