Anemia

Anemia

Decrease in red blood cell oxygen carrying capacity , either Hb or RBC
1. Signs & Symptoms
2. classification
  1. Microcytic
    1. Normocytic
      1. Macrocytic
        Megaloblastic
        B12 & Folate deficiency
      2. Hemolytic
        G6DP deficiency , spherocytosis
    2. Iron deficiency anemia
      1. Iron transport and storage
        hepcidin downregulate Iron
        Iron bind to ferritin and get transported with transferrin
      2. malnutrition, malabsorption, chronic bleeding
      3. Treatment
        Iron , RBC transfusion
3. Epidemiology
  1. women > men
    1. In UAE women 24% , children 20.5%
      1. Globally
4. Investigations
  1. CBC
    1. Blood Film
      1. Stool Analysis
        Hb Electrophoresis
        HbA2 , HbF , HBA
        +/- occult blood
5. Smoking & Alcohol Relation
6. What is Hemoglobin ?
  1. protein function to deliver O2 from lungs to tissues in the blood
  2. Structure
    1. Types
      1. Heme Synthesis
7. How RBC formes?
  1. Erythropoiesis
Porphyrias
1. Group of eight disorders that affect the skin or the nervous system
  1. result in build up of porphyrin
Bladder Cancer
1. most often begins in the urothelial cells
  1. Risk factors
    1. Smoking
      1. Gender: male
        Aging
        Family history
  2. Clinical Presentation
  3. Pathophysiology
    1. Grading
      1. TNM classification
  4. Investigations
    1. cystoscopy
      1. urine cytology
        CT
  5. Management
    1. TURBT
      1. Cystoscmoy
        Radiotheraphy
2. Anatomy
3. Histology

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