EarthQuakes Ch.5

EarthQuakes Ch.5

1. Section 1: Forces in Earth's crust

   • The movement of Earth's plates creates great forces that squeeze or pull the rock in Earth's crust. That great force is called stress
   • 2: Types Of Stress
     • There are three types of stress that occurs in the earth. They will be listed in The spaces down below.
     • Tension
       • Tension is another type of stress that pulls the crust so that the rock beneath gets thinner and thinner.
     • Compression
       • Compression is the type of stress that pushes rock to a point where it either fold or breaks.
     • Shearing
       • Shearing is the last type of stress that push masses of rock and land in two separate directions causing Earth's interior to change.
   • 1: Kinds of Faults
     • In this section I will tell you about three types of faults that are all totally different.
     • Strike-Slip Faults
       • A strike-slip fault is a fault that has rock on either side slip past each other.
     • Reverse Faults
       • In a reverse fault what happens is the exact apposite of the normal fault, the hanging wall slides up relative to the footwall.
     • Normal Faults
       • In a normal fault there are to walls named the hanging wall  and the footwall, so in the normal fault the hanging wall slips down relative to the footwall.
   • 3: Changing Earth's Surface
     • This is the last section
     • Folding Earth's Crust
       • Sometimes Earth's crust reaches a point that it will eventually fold and bend, which makes the earth's crust and the rock below it rise up and make mountains.
     • Uplifting Earth's Crust
       • The forces that rise mountains can also rise, or uplift plateaus. A plateau is a large flat area that is elevated high above the sea level. this is uplifting Earth's crust.
     • Stretching Earth's Crust
       • A fault-block mountain forms when two normal faults cut through blocks of rock ,this is what stretching Earth's crust is.

2. Section 2: Earthquakes and Seismic Waves

   • 1: Types of seismic waves
     • S waves
     • P waves
     • Surface waves
   • 2: Measuring Earthquakes
     • The Mercalli scale
     • The Richter scale
     • Comparing Earth quakes
     • The Moment-magnitude scale
   • 3: Locating the Epicenter

3. Section 3: Monitoring Earthquakes

   • 1: The seismograph
     • reading a seismogram
     • Measuring seismic waves
   • 2: instruments that monitor faults
     • tiltmeters
     • creep meters
     • laser-ranging devices
       • GPS satellites
   • 3: using seismograph data
     • mapping faults
     • monitoring changes along faults
     • trying to predict earthquakes

4. Section 4: Earthquake Safety

   • 4: designing safer buildings
   • 1: earthquake risk
     • mapping earthquake intensity
     • historic earthquakes
     • plate boundaries and faults
   • 2: how earthquakes cause damage
     • 3: steps to earthquake safety
     • shaking
     • liquefaction
     • aftershocks
     • tsunamis