Zusammenfassung der Ressource
Identity=
(Often defined
as how you see
yourself)
- class
- class= a group who
share similar
economic and social
situation
- working class
- traditionally seen as
the majority of the
population
- stereotypically seen as
"hard-working, straight-talking,
salt of the earth'
- middle class
- nowadays seen as the majority of
the population
- stereotypically are
people with
professional or
managerial careers
- views on class
- feminism
- gender inequality; women earn
less and gain less power than men
- working class women perform
unpaid labour such as running a
household
- marxism
- conflict between social classes
caused by power
- society benefits rich and
powerful; this would mean the
upper class is benefitted most
- popular culture distracts the
lower classes from the class
inequality
- Functionalism
- society benefits everyone of all social classes
- the class system and roles in classes are
needed to keep society running smoothly
- studies on class
- Mackintosh and mooney (2004) says upper
class has invisibility due to social closure
- upper class seperate themselves from the 'visible' (middle-lower class)
- this is through private education, exclusive clubs
and uncommonly known activities eg: the theatre
- Age
- the world is run by adults and it is mostly young
people and older people whose identities are the
most negatively affected
- due to lack of status and power
- age is looked at
chronologically
& in stages
- the problem with looking at
stages is that the ages at
which they start and end vary
- stages can be seen
as socially
constructed
- views on age
- Feminism
- Women are judged by
factors such as age
- Society favours young and
young-looking women over
aged women
- Marxism
- Ageist conflict is necessary
along togetherness
- adults have the most power, children
are negatively treated in society; adults
benefit the most
- Functionalism
- Age has no matter on social
benfits
- children and adults shall remain with different
treatment to benefit society
- studies on age
- Postman (1982) studied the
creation of the 'innocent child'
- rise in adults shielding their children
from dangers when they are young,
such as sexuality and death
- as media and tech. emerged and
spreads, the 'innocent child' is slowly
disappearing
- Bradley (1996) says middle aged people
have more power and control over
people, as some are the leaders of
countries
- Middle age has a higher status in society
than youth and old age
- Ethnicity
- ethnicity relates to the sharing of
similar socialisation and cluture
within a group of people in an area
- it is a combination of
responding to our environment
and passing info down via
GENES
- tropical & temperate
climates
- hybrid identities
- hybrid identity=
somesone's sense of
who they are is a
mixture of 2 or more
influences
- eg: A person
may identify as
British, but also
Muslim and
Pakistani
- this can be seen
most clearly within
electricity,
nationality and
identitty
- national identities
- national identity= (in a wider context)
the identity of a whole country
- national identity individually is often expressed
through supporting your national team
- Marxism
- conflict between people due to
ethnicity is needed; when there is
equality
- the ideal ethnicity, which in most
western countries is white people,
would be given more benefits by
society
- labelling theory
- western cultures may label those
with an ethnicity they "disagree with"
- these labels can be counted as
racial slurs, and can be
derogatory towards theior entire
ethnicity
- impression management
- in communities of multiple ethnicities, many
would keep to themselves
- if their community has a
dominating ethnicity, they
would act more as their true
selves
- hewitt (2005) studied the
negative perception of
multiculturalism
- attempts of ethnic equality had been
met with anger from the white
community, who view it as "unfair"
- white working-class people
specifically were noted to defend their
ethnicity from ethnic minorities
- Winston James (1993)
- Experience of racism unified identites
of African-Caribbeans
- their unified cukture adopted
the label "black" to prevent
racism in the UK
- Gender
- gender= something fluid and changing
- gender has changed over time much to
the approval and disapproval to others
- femiinists
- gender equality does not
exists because society is
patriarchal
- secondary socialisation can bw
harmful to women eg: cause
body image issues
- marxists
- popular and mass culture distract
society from gender inequality
- conflict theory; gender inequalty is necessary
- society benefits those with power
- partriarchal society
- some argue that gender is based on
biological differences between male
and female
- however most sociologists argue that it
is socially constructed
- labelling theory
- gender roles are to be allowed
- rejecting such roles (deviance)
can allow negative labelling for
both males and females
- labels could link to such aspects of one,
such as their abilities or sexuality (eg: a
man may get negatively labelled as
"gay" if he is said to enjoy traditionally
feminine activities
- masculinity (two
types)
- agressive masculinity
- hegemory masculinity
- socially desirable middle class
- Functionalism
- society benefits everyone in
different ways, no matter their
gender
- Gender roles are vital in society; they
ensure that society run smoothly and
at its best
- studies on gender
- Parsons (1995) DATED
- females have an expressive role in family:
natural but reinforced by socialisation
- males have an instrumental role in
family; natural but reinforced by
socialisation
- mac an ghaill (1994) DATED
- focuses on hyper-masculinity among males (aggresive)
- sexuality
- with other spects of identity, it tends to be more
significant for those who are not heterosexual
- sexualtiy is a label given
due to who on a category of
gender, one would find
sexually or romatically
attractive
- feminism
- heteronormativity is still the 'norm'
- women are
sexualised for men
in the media
- porno and prostitution
linked to Domestic
violence + rape in
society
- Marxism
- society is distracted by
popular culture; distracts
from issues with
non-heterosexual individuals
- conflict theory;
heteronormativity versus
diverse sexual orientations
- Functionalism
- roles ensure society running smoothly; this
can include the role of heteronormativity
- traditional nuclear
family (one mum, one
dad) is believed to be
best
- labeling theory
- due to heteronormality, people who are 'out' as
non-heterosexual are given the label of their
orientation
- this can be seen as a negative label and can
become their master status
- they would only be
recognised as their sexuality
- studies on gender
- Weeks (1991) argues that
sexual identification is a
strange thing and more
complex than other
aspects of identity
- Rich (1980) says
women's sexuality is
oppressed by the
patiarchy (males)
- lesbian identity is
erased; it is seen
as a threat to
males or 'sexy'
- women took part in 'compulsory
heterosexuality; they are socialised
into a heterosexual role for men
- Mcintoshe (1996)
- a song about sexuality is
Girls/Girls/Boys by Panic! At The
Disco. duh.
- culture
- way of life. looked at by structurlists
- collection of norms and values