Zusammenfassung der Ressource
Left and Right
Realism
- Right Realism
- Theorists
- Wilson &
Hernstein
- Why some individuals
commit crime and others
don't. Degrees of criminatlity.
- Constitutional factors:
Biological, environmental and
social.
- Body types: mesomoprhic is
associated with the criminal.
- Aggressive males with low intelligence who
commit crime for immediate gratification.
- Population found in the
underclass, created through
the dependency culture of the
permissive policies.
- Wilson
- Broken Window Thesis
- Unless incivilities are kept minimal then
wider anti social behaviour/serious
crimes will follow.
- Zero- tolerance for even minor crimes.
- Factors affecting long term crime:
- No. of young males
- Cost/benefits
- Inadequate socialisation
- Clarke & Coleman
- Rational Choice theory
- Criminals will engage in
crime if benefits outweigh
costs
- Increase costs: likelihood of being
caught, tougher punishments
- Charles Murray
- Underclass insufficiently
integrated into
norms/values.
- Paternalism:
deviant subcultural
values of underclass
- Prone to criminal tendencies. eg: violence,
illegitimacy and promiscuity, educational
failure and welfare dependency.
- Ernst Van Den Haag
- Poor view of humanity. Some groups
need to be controlled for their own
good.
- Argues its reasonable for
law and order agencies to
target the poor.
- Tough penal system of punishment.
Corporal and Capital
- What is it?
- Developed as a critique of
sociological theory which failed to
sole the problem of crime
- Solutions
- Reduce opportunities for offending
- Increase costs
- Tougher punishments
- Anti- Sociological
Criminology.
- Oppose connection between
crime and poverty.
- Increased affluence =
Increased crime rates.
- Key Factors increasing crime:
Extended welfare state, lack
of discipline in education and
decline in traditional family.
- Selfish Human Nature.
- Rising crime levels -
ineffective and inadequate
social control.
- Permissive attitudes >
Self indulgent anti social
behaviour.
- Feckless parenting, absent
fathers, lack of school
discipline, liberal policies -
all ferment crime.
- Inadequate &
Inappropriate
Socialisation.
- Blame this as being the
cause of crime.
- Major Factor:
Non traditional
family, especially
single mothers.
- Lack of school discipline, mass media
glamorization of C&D and decline in
religious values..
- Critique
- Influencial on Governement
policy in the USA and UK.
- Zero tolerance - Successfully
adopted in New York.
- Some argue that a lack of
investment in deprived areas rather
than incivilities that rise crime rates.
- Easy to pick on
scapegoats - single
parent families.
- Marxists - concentration on
minor offences mean more
serious crime gets ignored.
- Zero tolerance simply shifts
crime.
- Left Realism
- What is it?
- Developed as a response to Right
Realism and partly in response to
Neo-marxist radical criminology.
- Sees crime as a problem for
ordinary people, explains
through analysis social &
economic relationships.
- Theorists
- Lea & Young
- Black youth have high
aspirations but often not
able to achieve.
- Accept an increase in Black
criminality.
- Institutional racism and
racist canteen culture
amongst the police.
- Kinsey, Lea & Young
- The policing problem:
Police too often
resort to military
policing
- Alienates the community from them
- Public should have more say, this
will improve relationship.
- Jock Young
- Late modernity has
caused an increase in
crime.
- Less consensus
about moral values
- Breakdown of
informal social
controls
- People's desire for
immediate & personal
pleasure.
- Greater uncertainty &
instability in aspects of life.
- Critique
- Recognition of multiple causes
- Focus on victims
- Relative deprivation and
marginalisation can't explain the
motive behind actions.
- Not everyone in relative
deprivation turns to crime.
- Assumes when values
break down crime is
more likely.
- Origins of crime
- Relative Deprivation
- Frustrated from difference
between expectations and reality.
- Reality: Unemployment, training schemes or
'white man's shit work' (Stuart Hall)
- Marginalisation
- Process where certain groups
are on the edge of society
- Working class youth alienated by
schools, unemployment, low
wages & police.
- Economic marginalisation >
crime
- Subculture
- Black youth subculture has high
material expectations and
aspirations.
- Engage in crime because their opportunities are
blocked.